Monday, February 27, 2023
Chapter 15: Spirituality, Religion, and the Supernatural questions
Chapter 15: Spirituality, Religion, and the Supernatural
Multiple Choice
1. According to anthropologists, which of the following
statements is true?
A. religion is very common to humankind
B. religion is found in primitive societies only
C. religion has been found to be a part of all cultures
D. religion is virtually a universal, although there have been some
groups without it
ANS: C TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 315
2. In anthropology, religion and spirituality are classified
as part of a culture's:
A. structure
B. infrastructure
C. substructure
D. superstructure
ANS: D TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 315
3. In the United States today, there are approximately how
many declared practitioners of Buddhism?
A. 10,000-20,000
B. 9-10 million
C. 800,000-1 million
D. 2-3 million
ANS: D TYPE: Factual
PG: 316
4. Which of the following is larger in the United States?
A. Buddhism
B. Islam
C. Hinduism
D. Wicca
ANS: B TYPE: Factual
PG: 316
5. In what century was there a common intellectual tradition
that gave rise to the idea that modern science would soon replace
religion?
A. 19th century
B. 18th century
C. 20th century
D. 17th century
ANS: A TYPE: Factual
PG: 316
6. Which of the following has been showing some decline in
membership in recent years, while all of the others have been
increasing in membership?
A. evangelical Christian religions
B. fundamentalist religious traditions
C. nondenominational spiritual traditions
D. traditional, mainline Christian religions
ANS: D TYPE: Factual
PG: 316
7. Approximately what percentage of adults in the world claims
to be "nonreligious"?
A. 26
B. 7
C. 40
D. 16
ANS: D TYPE: Factual
PG: 316
8. The collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which
a group of people makes sense of the world and their place in it is:
A. infrastructure
B. spirituality
C. religion
D. worldview
ANS: C TYPE: Factual
PG: 317
9. Which one of the following characteristics distinguishes
spirituality from religion?
A. belief system
B. ceremonial practices
C. concern with the sacred
D. individual practice
ANS: D TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 317
10. What sacred narratives explain the fundamentals of human existence?
A. legends
B. texts
C. myths
D. rituals
ANS: C TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 318
11. What is the anthropological definition of "myth"?
A. ancestral narratives
B. a collection of legends and tall tales
C. untrue narratives
D. explanatory narratives
ANS: D TYPE: Factual
PG: 318-319
12. Which of the following is the oldest known sacred text(s)?
A. Bible
B. Vedas
C. Koran
D. Book of Chibcha
ANS: B TYPE: Factual
PG: 318
13. A collection of gods and goddesses is known as:
A. pantheon
B. dogma
C. deity
D. trinity
ANS: A TYPE: Factual
PG: 319
14. The ancient Greeks had a TYPE: of religion known as:
A. pluralism
B. pantheonism
C. polytheism
D. polyvalence
ANS: C TYPE: Applied
PG: 319
15. In a society where women hold little public authority, you
would commonly find a religion in which:
A. there are many supreme goddesses
B. there are many supreme gods
C. the supreme goddess is feminine
D. the supreme god is masculine
ANS: D TYPE: Applied
PG: 320
16. The belief that nature is filled with a variety of
unattached or free-ranging spirits is:
A. animism
B. animatism
C. spirituality
D. naturalism
ANS: A TYPE: Factual
PG: 321
17. The concepts of mana, manitou, and wakonda are all associated with:
A. fundamentalism
B. monotheism
C. animism
D. animatism
ANS: D TYPE: Applied
PG: 321
18. Which of the following is not considered to be a strong
patriarchic religion?
A. Christianity
B. Wicca
C. Islam
D. Judaism
ANS: B TYPE: Factual
PG: 322
19. A part-time religious specialist that generally serves as a
healer and spiritual
mediator is called a:
A. shaman
B. priest
C. spiritual guide
D. holy father
ANS: A TYPE: Factual
PG: 323
20. Which kind of religious specialist would you expect to find
in a foraging society?
A. spiritual guide
B. priest
C. sorcerer
D. shaman
ANS: D TYPE: Applied
PG: 323, 325
21. Which of the following is one of the most common activities
of shamans: cross-culturally?
A. controlling animals
B. healing the sick
C. bringing rain
D. punishing enemies
ANS: B TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 323
22. Which of the following is not part of the traditional
shamanic complex?
A. chief
B. shaman
C. patient
D. community
ANS: A TYPE: Factual
PG: 323
23. The widespread occurrence of shamanism and the remarkable
similarities noted among various shamanic traditions are due to:
A. common neurological inheritance
B. legitimacy and accuracy of the religion
C. universal ailments of humankind
D. diffusion of tradition among groups
ANS: A TYPE: Applied
PG: 325
24. Approximately what percentage of older women serve as
shamans among the Ju/'hoansi?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 33%
ANS: D TYPE: Factual
PG: 325
25. The meanings ascribed to sensations experienced in altered states are:
A. determined solely by the shaman
B. universally the same
C. biologically determined
D. culturally determined
ANS: D TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 325
26. The powerful healing force recognized by the Ju/'hoansi is called:
A. boa
B. manitou
C. n/um
D. mana
ANS: C TYPE: Applied
PG: 325
27. Which of the following is not a common reason to enter a
trance state among the Ju/'hoansi?
A. to bring rain
B. to heal the sick
C. to control animals
D. to preserve crops
ANS: D TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 325
28. All of the following are ways to "conjure up" the healing
force latent in Ju/'hoansi bodies except:
A. dancing
B. intense concentration
C. eating mushrooms
D. close exposure to the heat of a fire
ANS: C TYPE: Applied
PG: 325-326
29. Among the Ju/'hoansi, consciousness is a sign that:
A. the gods inhabit the person's body
B. the prayer has been answered
C. a hunter will have success the next day
D. the soul and body are reunited
ANS: D TYPE: Applied
PG: 326
30. In anthropology, marriage rituals are almost always classified as:
A. rites of union
B. rites of transition
C. rites of intensification
D. rites of passage
ANS: D TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 327-328
31. The transition that is effected in a rite of passage is comparable to:
A. social death and rebirth
B. marriage and union
C. sorcery and witchcraft
D. specialization
ANS: A TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 327
32. Among Australian aborigines, a common way of inducing
courage and manhood in boys involves:
A. scarifying their chests
B. knocking out a tooth
C. sending them out alone
D. piercing their noses
ANS: B TYPE: Applied
PG: 328
33. Rites of passage include all of the following stages except:
A. incorporation
B. transformation
C. transition
D. separation
ANS: B TYPE: Factual
PG: 328
34. When do Mende girls undergo female initiation rites?
A. after they move out of their natal homes
B. after they have their first child
C. after the beginning of menstruation
D. immediately before the beginning of menstruation
ANS: C TYPE: Factual
PG: 328
35. Which of the following is not a common practice in Mende
girl initiation?
A. harsh teaching and training
B. undergoing a clitoridectomy
C. spending significant amounts of time alone and secluded
D. smearing body with white clay
ANS: A TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 328
36. What is a clitoridectomy?
A. form of female circumcision
B. TYPE: of marriage
C. process of giving birth
D. tattooing the face
ANS: A TYPE: Factual
PG: 328
37. Why do the Mende practice clitoridectomy?
A. they believe it enhances female reproductive potential
B. it makes childbirth much easier
C. it enhances the beauty of women in public
D. it is a healthy procedure that makes women cleaner
ANS: A TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 328
38. The period of isolation that forms part of a rite of passage
is which stage?
A. separation
B. transition
C. transformation
D. incorporation
ANS: B TYPE: Applied
PG: 328
39. The male puberty rite found among the Australian aborigines
involves removing the young man from society and:
A. leaving him to find his way back to his group
B. marrying him to a young woman
C. tattooing him
D. teaching him
ANS: D TYPE: Applied
PG: 328
40. Clitoridectomy is sometimes referred to as:
A. birth rites of passage
B. female geniture mutilation
C. female genital mutilation
D. female genital imitation
ANS: C TYPE: Factual
PG: 328
41. Why is there so much controversy over clitoridectomy?
A. it is a non-Western religious practice
B. it is extremely dangerous to women's health
C. it causes women to have too much fertility
D. it allows women to practice birth control
ANS: B TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 329
42. Which of the following best describes witchcraft?
A. belief that some individuals possess the supernatural power to
manipulate objects
B. belief that some individuals possess psychic power to cause harm
C. belief that some individuals can travel at night and cause altered states
D. belief that some individuals possess specific formulas to
temporarily change people
ANS: B TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 330
43. Which of the following is not commonly used in the practice
of contagious magic?
A. clips of hair from someone
B. images and likenesses of someone
C. fingernail clippings from someone
D. a special piece of jewelry that belongs to someone
ANS: B TYPE: Applied
PG: 330
44. The Ibibio make a distinction between:
A. sorcerers and priestesses
B. evil and benign witches
C. benign sorcerers and witches
D. sorcerers and benign witches
ANS: D TYPE: Factual
PG: 331
45. From the 15th through the 17th centuries, approximately how
many individuals were executed as witches in Europe?
A. 200
B. 1500
C. 2 million
D. 500,000
ANS: D TYPE: Factual
PG: 332
46. Which of the following best describes revitalization movements?
A. a movement for radical cultural reform in response to widespread
social disruption
B. a movement for political change in response to economic destruction
C. a movement for liberation during times of oppression by outside forces
D. a religious movement that styles itself on communistic structures
ANS: A TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 332
47. What is a "cargo cult"?
A. a rite of passage
B. a revitalization movement
C. a form of imitative magic
D. a form of religious worship
ANS: B TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 332
48. Which of the following is not a common belief or element
associated with cargo cults?
A. worship in a temple compound
B. arrival of material riches
C. resurrection of dead relatives
D. destruction of whites
ANS: A TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 332
49. In the United States which of the following revitalization
movements occurred?
A. Asatru
B. cargo cults
C. Mau Mau uprising
D. Sun Dance
ANS: D TYPE: Factual
PG: 332
True/False
50. One goal of anthropologists is to develop a better religion.
ANS: False TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 315
51. Ancestral spirits reflect and reinforce social reality.
ANS: True TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 315
52. Religion and spirituality are best examined as part of a
society's worldview.
ANS: True TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 315
53. It is a common belief among social scientists that religion
will be replaced by science.
ANS: False TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 316
54. More than 40% of the world's adult population claims to be atheist.
ANS: False TYPE: Factual
PG: 317
55. Religions tend to perpetuate the social structure of the
society of which they are a part.
ANS: True TYPE: Factual
PG: 318
56. The Vedas are believed to be one of the oldest known sacred texts.
ANS: True TYPE: Factual
PG: 318
57. The word "myth" means "untrue stories" in Greek.
ANS: False TYPE: Factual
PG: 318
58. Goddesses are most likely to be prominent in food-foraging cultures.
ANS: False TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 320
59. The Aztecs had a monotheistic religion.
ANS: False TYPE: Factual
PG: 320
60. Some groups have deities to whom they pay almost no attention.
ANS: True TYPE: Factual
PG: 320
61. Industrial societies are typically animistic.
ANS: False TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 321
62. In industrial societies there are no shamans.
ANS: False TYPE: Factual
PG: 321
63. The Ju/'hoansi enter into a trance in order to heal themselves.
ANS: True TYPE: Applied
PG: 326
64. The Mende practice female circumcision.
ANS: True TYPE: Factual
PG: 328
65. More than 2000 women were accused of being witches in Salem,
Massachusetts in 1692.
ANS: False TYPE: Factual
PG: 330
66. The adoration of saints' relics is a form of contagious magic.
ANS: True TYPE: Applied
PG: 330
67. Revitalization movements lie at the root of all known religions.
ANS: True TYPE: Factual
PG: 332
Fill in the Blank
68. The collective body of ideas that members of a culture
generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their
reality is called a ________________.
ANS: worldview TYPE: Factual
PG: 315
69. When there is an individual focus on the sacred, as
distinguished from material matters, and in a non-traditional format,
it is called _______________.
ANS: spirituality TYPE: Factual
PG: 317
70. When a group sees themselves as part of nature, they have a
_______________ worldview.
ANS: naturalistic TYPE: Applied
PG: 317
71. An organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere,
along with ceremonial acts by which people attempt to interpret and
control their reality is called ________________.
ANS: religion TYPE: Factual
PG: 317
72. The explanatory narrative that rationalizes and reinforces
religious beliefs and practice is called _______________.
ANS: myth TYPE: Factual
PG: 318
73. A collection of gods and goddesses is known as a _______________.
ANS: pantheon TYPE: Factual
PG: 319
74. _______________ is the belief in multiple gods and goddesses.
ANS: Polytheism TYPE: Factual
PG: 319
75. A belief in ___________________________ is consistent with
the widespread notion that human beings are made up of two closely
intertwined parts, a physical body and some mental component or
spiritual self.
ANS: ancestral spirits TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 320
76. _______________ spirits played an important role in the
patrilineal society of traditional China.
ANS: Ancestral TYPE: Applied
PG: 320
77. The belief that nature is enlivened or energized by an
impersonal spiritual force is called _______________.
ANS: animatism TYPE: Factual
PG: 321
78. A male, full-time religious specialist is called a _______________.
ANS: priest TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 323
79. Ministers, imams, lamas, and rabbis are together known in
anthropology as _______________.
ANS: priests TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 323
80. The healing force that the Ju/'hoansi use to cure is called
_______________.
ANS: n/um TYPE: Applied
PG: 325
81. The shamanic complex involves three agents: the shaman, the
patient, and the _______________.
ANS: community TYPE: Applied
PG: 327
82. _______________ also is called religion in action.
ANS: Ritual TYPE: Factual
PG: 327
83. _______________ is a modern, nature-oriented religion that
draws upon ancient western European and pre-Christian beliefs.
ANS: Wicca TYPE: Conceptual
PG: 330
84. ________________ is an explanation of events based on the
belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power
capable of causing harm.
ANS: Witchcraft TYPE: Factual
PG: 330
85. The two fundamental types of magic, according to Frazier,
are ________________ and _______________.
ANS: imitative (sympathetic), contagious TYPE: Factual
PG: 331
86. A __________________________ is a spiritual movement
promising resurrection of dead relatives, destruction of whites, and
arrival of material riches.
ANS: cargo cult TYPE: Factual
PG: 332
Short Answer
87. What is a society's worldview?
ANS: It is the collective body of ideas that members of a
culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of
their reality.
PG: 315
TYPE: Factual
88. What primary goals does religion fulfill for a society?
ANS: It fulfills the need to confront and explain death, it provides
hope and relief, it reinforces group norms and provides moral
sanctions and ideology, and it is used in healing.
PG: 315
TYPE: Applied
89. Compare and contrast the concepts of "religion" and "spirituality."
ANS: Spirituality is concerned with sacred matters, but is individual
rather than collection and does not require a traditional organization
or distinctive format; religion is also concerned with sacred matters,
but is associated with a collective and ceremonial acts.
PG: 315
TYPE: Applied
90. Why do scientists believe there has been a rise in religious
fundamentalism in recent times?
ANS: Scientists believe there has been a rise in fundamentalism
because science itself has created increased anxieties and has removed
many of the psychological props humans had used to explain reality;
also, increased mobilization, due to globalization, has broken apart
traditional communities and left people more vulnerable to economic
hardships.
PG: 316
TYPE: Conceptual
91. Define animatism and give an example.
ANS: It is the belief that nature is enlivened or energized by an
impersonal spiritual force or supernatural energy, which may make
itself manifest in any special place, thing, or living creature.
PG: 321
TYPE: Factual
92. Describe the traditional role of the shaman.
ANS: A part-time religious specialist whose personal experiences of
entering altered states at will allow them to contact and utilize
ordinarily hidden reality to acquire knowledge, power, and benefits
for others.
PG: 323
TYPE: Applied
93. What are the primary differences between the priest and the shaman?
ANS: Priest is full-time, commonly tells people what to do, is
socially initiated, part of a religious organization, and receives
power from society; shaman is part-time, commonly tells supernaturals
what to do, is not part of a religious organization, and receives
power directly from supernatural sources through altered states of
consciousness.
PG: 323
TYPE: Applied
94. What are the benefits of shamanism for individual members?
ANS: It promotes release of tension and psychological assurance.
PG: 327
TYPE: Conceptual
95. Choose a rite of passage and analyze it through each of the
three stages.
ANS: After choosing the ritual, students should divide their analysis
into the stages of separation, transition, and incorporation.
PG: 328
TYPE: Applied
96. Why have many countries signed bans against supporting clitoridectomy?
ANS: It causes intense pain and can be accompanied by excessive
bleeding, shock, infection, damage to the urethra or anus, tetanus,
bladder infections, septicemia, HIV, hepatitis B, and intense pain and
risk during childbirth.
PG: 329
TYPE: Applied
97. How does the belief in witchcraft serve as a form of social control?
ANS: It allows for public scrutiny of people's behavior, reminding
them of social rules and norms, and it encourages them to suppress any
nonconformist behavior.
PG: 330
TYPE: Conceptual
98. What is divination?
ANS: It is a magical procedure or spiritual ritual designed to find
out about what is not knowable by ordinary means.
PG: 330
TYPE: Factual
99. How do the Ibibio of Nigeria identify witches?
ANS: Witches are believed to be those who live in the region and have
odd behavior; they may be immoral, unsocial, or different in some way.
They are believed to look and act mean and to be socially disruptive.
PG: 331
TYPE: Applied
100. Why did cargo cults develop so prevalently in Melanesia in
the early 20th century?
ANS: It was a time of the spread of Western culture and goods, and
natives often had to handle these in loading and unloading. They
developed religious explanations for how they could also obtain these
material goods.
PG: 332
TYPE: Conceptual
Essay
101. Religion may serve to maintain an existing social order. A
standard argument being, "while you might suffer in this life, you
will be rewarded in the next one." This logic prevailed throughout
much of the early history of the Catholic Church in the New World.
However, starting in the 1960s, many priests working in Latin America
adopted a more critical perspective of the social order and their job
of challenging a system of social inequality. This movement was known
as Liberation Theology. Discuss the role that religion plays in the
social order and how it can be used as an agent of change.
ANS: Will vary
102. While religion tends to be more structured and associated
with the collectivity, spirituality exists on an individual, somewhat
idiosyncratic, level. Discuss how religion and spirituality merge in
many people's lives and the effect that each may have on the other.
ANS: Will vary
103. As the anthropological definition of religion is relatively
broad, actively reflect on your life and any rite of passage you may
have gone through. What was the cultural significance and what was
the personal significance of this transition?
ANS: Will vary
104. What is a revitalization movement? Choose an example from the
United States and discuss the effects that religion played in the
movement's success or failure. Do you think the same movement could
have occurred in a society different from the United States?
ANS: Will vary
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