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https://www.google.com/search?q=marshall+sahlins+thucydides&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en-us&client=safari&iga=1&utm_campaign=safari_share_1

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https://www.google.com/search?q=what+does+lenin+say+about+the+state+in._The+State+and+Revolution+_+%3F.&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en-us&client=safari&iga=1&utm_campaign=safari_share_1

what is an outline of Marshall Sahlins book _ The uses and abuses of biology _ ? Marshall Sahlins's 1976 book The Use and Abuse of Biology: An Anthropological Critique of Sociobiology is a foundational counter- argument against the reduction of human social behavior to genetic evolution.

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https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+an+outline+of+Marshall+Sahlins+book+_The+uses+and+abuses+of+bioloogy+_+%3F&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en-us&client=safari&iga=1&utm_campaign=safari_share_1


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2022/03/leslie-white-founded-evolutionary.html<

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https://l.smartnews.com/p-8K2ZHaBa/5cIILC

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Charles, in-person early voting for the Nov. 3rd election has started! Public records show you voted in both 2022 and 2024. Make sure your voice is heard in 2026! Check the official government website to choose a time and location that works for you: https://www.michigan.gov/sos/elections/voting/early-in-person-voting -Vote Up Stop to end

Charles Brown bibliography http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/09/symbolic-inheritance.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/05/culturally-inherited-adaptations-give.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/genus-homos-darwinian-adaptive.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/09/symbolic-inheritance.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/02/more-leisure-is-homo-sapiens-species.html Better termed ancestor veneration: http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/ancestor-worship-original-culture-and.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/05/identifying-something-with-something-it.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/symboling-is-identifying-something-with.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/04/words-are-little-communisms.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/04/homo-communis.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/07/for-womens-liberation-comradely.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/03/emmeline-pankhurst-revolutionary.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/let-beauties-beautify-you-you-beast.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/remix-of-blackwell-concrete-abstract.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/blackwellian-critique-abstract-not.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/08/darwins-claim-of-superiority-of-men.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/10/cultural-darwinian-adaptations-not.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/03/all-american-socialism.html Socialism with American Characteristics http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/03/theory-of-structure-of-symbols-and.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/12/differentia-specifica-of-human-species.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/04/male-supremacy-greed-and-war-are-not-in.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/10/abolish-fascist-republican-party.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/04/we-must-reverse-reaganism-by-abolishing.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/05/the-holier-than-thou-left.html Never heard Sahlins refer to this in 50 years I followed him : http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-origin-of-society-by-marshall.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/02/anthropological-psychology.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/founding-anthropological-psychology-im.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/09/why-anthropological-psychology.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/belafonte-musician-and-political.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/because-exploited-classes-are-coerced.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/anthropology-test-questions.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/08/overview-of-anthropology-what-is.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/01/declaration-of-independence-declares.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/10/black-and-white-unite-and-fight.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-questions-anthropology-dare-not-ask.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/locus-and-levels-of-material-necessity.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/11/for-people-owning-too-big-to-fail.html

Hi Charles, This is Detroit City Clerk Janice Winfrey. Detroit has a crucial election on November 3, but voting has already started in the city! Today, early voting is kicking off across Detroit at 8 different early vote centers. Each early vote center will be open today through Sunday, November 1 from 9:00am to 5:00pm. You can find the early vote center closest to you at https://detroitvotes.org/early/#early When you vote at an early vote center, you’ll feed your completed ballot into a vote tabulator and see your vote counted in real time, just like you do on Election Day! You can also learn more about your other options for voting, including how to vote from home or on Election Day. Visit: detroitvotes.org No matter which choice you pick, make sure your voice is heard. – Detroit City Clerk Janice Winfrey Reply STOP to stop.

France Protest: French CGT labour union leader Sophie Binet and Olivier Faure, First Secretary of the French Socialist Party attend a demonstration against "racism, fascism, and imperialism" as the French far-right Rassemblement National (National Rally, RN) party holds its congress in Orleans, France, October 24, 2026. LIVE: https://youtube.com/live/3_K_RsiKuqQ?. <


https://www.youtube.com/live/3_K_RsiKuqQ?si=HVDotBJmIoHXv0sA

Paris unrest - Huge protests return after week of curfews, chaos, looting, riots Oct 24 2026 Live from Paris on Saturday, October 24, as demonstrators return to the streets after chaos, riots, looting and curfews across France - and right across Europe too. Anger has been fuelled by ongoing education protests - including staff shortages and crumbling lo <




https://www.youtube.com/live/MzMi1lw2s0A?si=M37x0uWk7soemmOY

How China's Marxist Ideas of Government Underpin Its Success | Dr Warwick Powell .<


Oct 21 2026 Burning Archive. Weekly Audio Essays Dr Warwick Powell explains how China rose from poverty to become the world's largest economy - not by following the West but by adapting Marxism to Chinese society, and Chinese traditions of governance to modernity.


* Dive deep into history at https://jeffrich.subst... Get history guides, monthly long reads, join live calls with me, and participate in my slow read alongs with world literature that sheds lights on the most important issues in world affairs today Want more on global history and the history of China? Join my YouTube channel as an archivist <



https://youtu.be/BGHEqLf9aEI?si=cCNlPt2O0frZtjg-

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https://youtu.be/Ba41ShpPtic?si=t3CwtMPA76PkKtrg

False equivalence of Dems and Reps is a dogmatic Left error <


CB : Not equally committed to war now . That’s importantly wrong at this concrete period . Obama had already explicitly reversed the Bush bellicose doctrines . Democrats FDR , LBJ, OBAMA were _not_ phony populists . Working class won major reforms through them. It’s infantile leftism to maintain the US working class has won no significant reforms in 90 years . You all might as well give up if the working class hasn’t won anything in 90 years . The right wing Bourgeoisie moving in desperation to fascism should prove that the mild Obama reforms are a real threat to the ruling class . The right wing Bourgeoisie are openly , blatantly trying to discard majority rule , prevent the majority from voting . Obama peace treaty with Iran blocks the next big war the military-industrial complex had planned . There can be no war with China because of Mutually Assured Destruction. Tensions with Soviet Union were sharper than today , and there could be no war. There will be no war with China despite all the saber rattling. Economic imperialism of course ; but Leninists support peaceful competition between different social systems ; socialist China is proving to the world the superiority of socialism in peaceful competition. False equivalence of Democrats and Republicans is now for 20 years a severe error of the infantile left . respinding to the following : "No both parties are really committed to imperialism, the opposition to the CIA and forever wars on Trumps part was just the same phony populism as you get with many US politicians." "


FALSE Equivalence of Democrats and Republicans is ultra left insanity under Republican fascism <


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2023/12/blog-post_10.html< <

Great cartoons, but they've all got to go. Most of the dems are complicit. Just not as organized for evil.

No Dems are not complicit in cutting Obamacare , food stamp , right to abortion (!) , ICE Gestapo, tax cuts for wealthy, destruction of Civil Rights Acts (!!) , destruction of public education, bankrupting Detroit , stealing half my pension …. on and on. There’s a huge difference between Dems and Reps , federal and state . <



Point taken, but these times require fighting with bigger sticks and they haven't figured that out. < <


Their approach is working . Interim elections and polls are predicting a bloodbath for Republicans in the midterms . Not only that . Being in the minority means< <


you don’t have bigger sticks ! Dogging out Dems helps the fascists . <


21st Century ultra-lefts rhyme with 20th Century ultra-lefts Lenin criticized <


Lenin's Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder (1920) argues that communist parties must combine legal and illegal work, participate in bourgeois parliaments, and work within reactionary trade unions to gain mass support, rejecting the "infantile" ultra-left, sectarian, and dogmatic refusal to engage in tactical compromises. @ Key Aspects and Outline: • Context: Written to guide international communists, primarily in Germany and Britain, by applying lessons from the three Russian revolutions. • Core Critiaue: Lenin labels the reiection ofCore Critique: Lenin labels the rejection of parliamentary work and trade union participation as "left-wing" childishness, which isolates revolutionaries from the masses. • Key Arguments: • Flexibility & Tactics: Revolutionaries must utilize all legal, illegal, parliamentary, and non-parliamentary means to reach the masses. • Working within Trade Unions: Communists must not abandon reactionary unions but work within them to win over workers. • Parliamentary Participation: Refusal to participate in parliaments is a "childish" error; they should be used as a platform for propaganda. • Compromises: Not all compromises are opportunistic; Communists must distinguish between those that serve the revolution and those that betray it. • Discipline: The importance of ironopportunistic; Communists must distinguish between those that serve the revolution and those that betray it. • Discipline: The importance of iron discipline and centralized leadership within the party (Bolshevik model). • The "Infantile" Element: The tendency to mistake personal desires for objective reality, leading to a sectarian, "pure," but powerless movement. • Goal: To move beyond the initial, inexperienced phase of Communist parties to build a mass base capable of taking power. * Introduction to Lenin's<<

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http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2022/06/blog-post_3.html



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Abolish the fascist Republican Party 

Abolish the fascist Republican Party


Labor Power

Monday, October 12, 2020 Abolish the fascist Republican Party Republican Party has cheated to oligarchic or minority rule through gerrymandering , stealing Supreme Court appointments and minority Presidents . They follow Mussolini's fascist principle :

"After Socialism, Fascism combats the whole complex system of democratic ideology, and repudiates it, whether in its theoretical premises or in its practical application. Fascism denies that the majority, by the simple fact that it is a majority, can direct human society; it denies that numbers alone can govern by means of a periodical consultation, and it affirms the immutable, beneficial, and fruitful inequality of mankind, which can never be permanently leveled through the mere operation of a mechanical process such as universal suffrage...."


https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/mussolini-fascism.asp


We must focus on the class aspect in our most fundamental definition of fascism. Fascism is open terrorist rule by the most reactionary , racist and bellicose sections of finance capital . The Republican Party represents those sections of the bourgeoisie . It is threatening and executing policies with respect to social programs that will _foreseeably_ result in premature deaths of 10,000's just as certainly as if they were machine gunned. The Republican accelerated round up of immigrants , threats to expel Dreamers and others , racist threat against African and Latin immigrants equal the Nazis treatment of Jews in the early years of the regime before the holocaustic level of killing. There is no premature anti -fascism by name . The President has spoken in support of openly Nazi marchers.

Furthermore, the American fascist tradition is the KKK. The KKK had fascist rule in sections of the US before Italy (!) . The KKK is a core constituency of the Republican base . David Duke regularly endorses Trump's actions. Republicans have leaders like Roy Moore, who says life for Black people was better in slavery. The Attorney General is a political twin of Moore. Statues of Confederates litter the Southern landscape and rock star Kid Rock waves a Confederate flag in downtown , 85% Black Detroit.


The NRA is also a rightwing militant and armed core group of the Republican base. And another unique feature of American fascism, I'd say , is libertarian fascism. Unlike the European state centered "well ordered " police forces, America has individualist killers doing mass shootings. This is libertarian fascism para-military to the Republican Party.


The Republican Party is a fascist party. However , even though it holds most government offices , we don't have a fascist government (yet; there is no premature anti-fascism) because of the historical luck that the Republican President is at war with our secret police and spy agencies , the FBI and CIA; and the President is a Russian agent, of sorts ; he stumbled into it. We can't rely on that not changing; we have to warn the people. There is no premature anti-fascism.

How could I forget. The Republicans are also mounting an effort to destroy the trade unions : work-for -less law iin traditional labor union stronghold Michigan, Supreme Court potential blow , Trump attacking.


President supported a Nazi march in which a woman was murdered !


"Fascism" must be used rhetorically , not based on the identity between the current situation in the Republican Party and the fascists in Europe in the 20's and 30's. If we had warned of "fascism" in the time when it actually arose, the term would not have aroused much alarm because fascism had not become what it became : fastest big murdering system of all times. Terms like tyranny, barbarism and savagery had to be used to get people's attention . Of course , technically it was not tyranny, a system in Ancient Greece. But because of the rhetorical need the term was used non-technically. Similarly with fascist today. History does not repeat itself , but it does rhyme sometimes.


On the other hand , on the technical point, the Republican Presidential contenders all represent the most racist , bellicose, reactionary sections of finance capital. Trump threatens open terrorist rule against specially despised national and racial groups. Bush launched aggressive , unprovoked war against Iraq, a Crime Against Peace, which Hermann Goering was sentenced to death for at Nuremberg.So, Republicans are right on the edge with meeting the technical definition . There is no premature anti- fascism

Republican Party is a fully , openly fascist party now.


Someone says : "The republicans are planning to kill thousands more veterans by yanking life-support and healthcare out from under them. They have to know what they're planning will kill that many, but they just don't care.


The GOP core belief seems to be that if you can't work and pay taxes through working, you do not have a right to life -- even if you lost that ability fighting in one of the pointless wars they started. This is eerily similar to the "euthanasia program" the nazi's were operating in Germany right before the war. The elderly, the chronically ill and infirmed, the maimed (many of whom were veterans of WWI) were sent to "free" clinics to be treated. They were actually murdered, either with gas or an injection, and their survivors would receive a letter reporting about how they died from pneumonia or some other cause. Sometimes the remains were returned, sometimes they weren't."


June 2016 I said , Some like me call the Republican Party fascist, way past a whiff. "Populist"-fascist . Capable of open terrorist rule , especially targeting racial minorities , representing the most reactionary , chauvinist , bellicose sections of finance capital; there is no premature anti-fascism.


CB : Yea better to use "fascist." Fascism started and got its name in Italy. There was fascism in Spain , too. Republican Party has Italian Fascist characteristics like minority rule or oligarchy .


Joe : "I understand the word Nazi is overused, and used poorly, often. Until they kill so many innocents as Hitler did Jewish people, nobody will be in the league with Hitler.


But NOT using the word out of deference to extremist sensitivities, or out of political correctness, clearly benefits whatever group is MOST LIKE the fascists referred to. There's no doubt about that.


And if any group shares the methodology of fear-mongering, racist nationalism, and politically weaponized xenophobia, it is of the utmost importance that ordinary people recognize it. That because the modern GOP seems to use a similar tool set, and they are very active right now.."


Bull: the Republicans are the liars , cheaters , thieves , unAmericans , not the Democrats. False equivalence of Dems and Reps helps the fascist Republicans.


AMERICANS FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY


AMERICANS FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY Republicans are a bunch of lying demagogues, tellers of half-lies, prevaricators.


We must get rid of the GOP ! We must get rid of the GOP 1


Like the old, old Whig Party, the ole, ole Republican Party has got to go, go, go onto the garbage heap of American history. It gets worse every day ! Every damn day , some stupid Republican says something fascist , just beyond the pale , unconscionable. There's a rightwing insanity epidemic in the tea Republican Party.


https://take10charles.blogspot.com/2015/03/americans-for-abolition-of-republican.html?m=1 <


No both parties do _not_ work for the same bosses ! Vote Democrat !

Republicans used to pretend that they hate tariffs , Russians , bailouts , budget deficits and debts: the Grand Ole Party of Liars only cares about getting more of the total amount of money in the system to the rich, the One Percent , the One capitalists , who already have most of it; and beating down the 99% economically and socially. This is socioeconomic fascism.

And budget deficits and debts: the Grand Ole Party of Liars only cares about getting more of the total amount of money in the system to the rich, the One Percent , the One capitalists , who already have most of it; and beating down the 99% economically and socially. This is socioeconomic fascism. <

CB: Republicans' war on Women is its central fascist plank.

Jim says : "I’ve been somewhat amused to listen as both old and young progressives argue about whether Trump is a “real” fascist. I love reading about the history of antifascist resistance during the 30’s and 40’s, and have enjoyed greatly my associations with antifascist fighters from that period. But this discussion is pointless and gets us nowhere.

The facts are the Republican Party has waged an unceasing campaign against American democratic institutions for the last eight years, since the election of Obama, who they tried to delegitimize with their birther movement. You don’t think they have become a fascist movement? Fine! Call it what you want, put whatever label you want on it.

Now days the Republicans don’t even try to hide their nihilism.

They have tried to shut the government down, destroy Social Security and Medicare and shred the safety net. They have fought tooth and nail against any effort to hold Wall Street and the financial industry accountable for their deprivations against the American people. <

Their scapegoats extend to Muslims, undocumented immigrants, feminists and people of color who they blame for all of America’s woes. They also attack and harass scientists who try to warn us about the dangers and consequences of climate change.

They tried and are still attempting to undermine the Iranian nuclear agreement, going so far as to use the Israeli prime minister as a weapon against our president.

They have had some success in sabotaging health care reform, suppressing voting rights, gerrymandering voting districts, destroying workers’ ability to collectively bargain, and restricting women’s rights to control their bodies. They continue to vilify gay and transgender people. They have sought to obstruct and undermine the entire federal judiciary, not just the Supreme Court.


They have encouraged their followers to consider violence and taking up arms if they are unable to win at the ballot box. State Republican leaders have threatened succession.


The modern Republican Party is not the party of Lincoln. Nor is it the party of Eisenhower. It’s not even the party of Nixon. It represents the greatest threat to America since the Confederate states succession.


Let us not be distracted by the Bundy’s, the play-soldier militias, the Klan or the other assorted pathetic pawns. They have no power beyond a few guns and bullets that give their empty lives some purpose. It’s the Republican Party that is the greatest threat to our society, and the sooner we understand that the sooner we will be able to unite to counter their threat.


Is the Left going to discuss the fact that we are in fascism ? No because the Republicans are the fascist party and the Democrats are NOT a fascist party nor are the Democrats enablers , or fake opponents of the Republicans. So, the Left ( all of it almost , so ultra-left is redundant) can't call out the fascism because that would violate their number one dogmatic principle that there is no difference between the parties.

You both are right on ! Trumpist Republican Party is the Reaganite Republican Party in the nude , revealing it's essence, at its logical conclusion : anti-working class, white supremacist and male supremacist

Thomas : "The Republican Party is turning into a fascist party much like Le Pen's National Front in France. The GOP is now so far to the the right from even the GOP of even Barry Goldwater's and dare I say, Ron Reagan."


George : "Goldwater, Nixon and Ronnie Raygun laid the foundation for the current mess. They hid behind lofty slogans, but they were fundamentally saying the same crap!"


Bruce : "We are not allowed to compared the Nazi-like behavior of the Republican Party to Nazis because it upsets them. So here's a question. In the 1930s, who did people refer the actual Nazis to earlier in history? What was the most evil group people would have heard of to call the Nazis?"


CB: Exactly: use of "Nazis" or "fascist" now is rhetorical , even if the Republicans are not just like Hitler or Mussolini's parties. Calling Hitler a Nazi then wouldn't inform people because the Nazis hadn't murdered tens of millions yet. You'd have to say tyrants or barbarians . Rosa Luxembourg said "Socialism or Barbarism " before the Nazis.


Got to call Republicans fascists to alarm people, though Americans are generally very ignorant of history , even World War II history.

CB: US is under a fascist Republican Troika - Congress , President and Supreme Court ; evolved fascism since Reagan


It continues...

-The Supreme Court just upheld the Trump anti-Muslim travel ban. <


-The Supreme Court also just upheld the right of pro-life centers to prevent abortions by deceiving women about their true purposes. To do otherwise, the "Court" claims, would infringe on the centers' First Amendment rights...<

Care work refers to activities that meet the physical, emotional, and developmental needs of others and to feelings of affection, concern, or responsibility toward those receiving care.[1][2] It may be performed for pay or without remuneration and takes place both within households and through institutions such as schools, hospitals, and child care centers.[3][4] Paid care occurs in formal employment settings, while unpaid care is typically carried out within families and communities, and households often combine both forms.[5] Care work may be direct, involving face-to-face interaction, or indirect, consisting of tasks that sustain the conditions under which care is provided.[6][7] Care work Wood engraving of a woman holding a child while another woman touches it tenderly <


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Care_work

Johnny Harris SHOCKED by CHINA'S Rapid Development 1.7K Likes 87,857 Views Oct 16 2026 #USChina #Infrastructure #Geopolitics Why can China build massive infrastructure, high speed rail, entire urban districts and public projects at a speed that leaves many Western visitors stunned? And is the answer really as simple as: "because China is authoritarian"? In this video, we react at Johnny Harris' attempt to understand the system behind modern China from the Communist Party and Deng Xiaoping's reforms to technocratic governance, local government incentives and one of the largest reductions <



https://youtu.be/1ldBP-hkWN8?si=HB8GxkTEFQXvcFYu

Burkina Faso : Land of the Upright People !

https://youtu.be/JY4Bc8hVfdk?si=1tb0wM6WDMX39zm5<



The struggle continues ; more victories are certain . <


Burkina Faso's Mega Insect Factory - The Hidden Revolution Feeding the Sahel <



#InsectFarming #FutureOfFood #FoodCrisis Burkina Faso's Mega Insect Factory - The Hidden Revolution Feeding the Sahel The global food system is collapsing, and the clock is ticking. In the unforgiving, scorching heat of the Sahel, where temperatures hit 115 degrees and crops turn to dust, a silent war against starvation is being won with the most unlikely weapon on Earth: garbage-eating bugs. This isn't a sci-fi movie. This is the brutal, high-stakes reality of Burkina Faso's biological revolution. While the rest of the world panics over supply chain While the rest of the world panics over supply chain fractures and skyrocketing meat prices, this West African nation is quietly engineering a multi-billion-dollar empire out of rotting fruit and spoiled grain.<


Meet the Black Soldier Fly. In just 14 days, these microscopic larvae devour toxic waste and metamorphose it into a hyper-dense protein that outperforms beef, soy, and fishmeal. No land. No water waste. Zero emissions.


But this isn't just about saving dying crops. It's about total survival. With millions facing acute starvation and armed conflict tearing the region apart, traditional farming is dead. The old model of importing food has failed. Now, a radical new circular economy is rising from the dust, turning worthless trash into liquid gold and weaponizing nature to secure absolute food sovereignty. If you think eating insects is a bizarre trend, you're <


https://youtu.be/2Io8O8QM_WA?si=FvO6CKSZ0z27tjhC

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http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/httpswww_0420444479.html<

US OUT OF EVERYWHERE !

US out of Ukraine ! US out of Venezuela ! US out of Iran ! US out of Nigeria ! US out of Korea ! <


US out of North America !!

http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2022/05/on-aug-21-2018-at-1035-pm-greg.html

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Sex and Culture Anthropology 210

Professor Charles Brown

Course Description:

Anthropology 210, Sex and Culture, will examine the essential role of sexual reproduction and gender in human evolution, society and culture; in kinship and marriage.

Contrary to previous iterations of this class, sexuality will not be the primary topic, though it will be addressed.

Goals: To understand the origin and evolution of Life on Earth

To understand the origin and evolution of sexual reproduction

To understand the Modern Evolutionary synthesis


To understand reproduction as the primary determinant of Darwinian Natural Selective Fitness, contrary to the popular conception of fitness as primarily determined by longevity of life span.

To understand the perfection (for Darwinian evolutionary law ) of the definition of same species for sexually reproducing species as female and male mating to produce _fertile_ offspring.

To understand the physiology and ontogeny of sex

To understand genetically based instincts To understand why heterosexual instinct is probably selected for <


To understand reproduction as the primary determinant of Darwinian Natural Selective Fitness, contrary to the popular conception of fitness as primarily determined by longevity of life span. <


To understand the physiology and ontogeny of sex <


To understand genetically based instincts

To understand why heterosexual instinct is probably selected for <


To understand the concepts of symbolic communication - language and culture - as unique to the human species

To understand the distinction and relation between the concepts of sex and gender

To understand the Stone Age and original culture and language


To understand the essential role of regulation of sexual intercourse in the origin and evolutionary success of human society

To understand Antoinette Blackwell's critique of Darwin and Spencer's hypotheses on human evolution <


To understand the history of gender relations and sexual relations in Western Civilization

To understand the impact of male supremacy on sexual relations; women's liberationist critiques of gender relations and sexual relations

To understand the impact of historical economic class struggles on gender relations and sexual relations<

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CB: Nice >


On May 12, 2026, at 12:42 PM, Peggy Dobbins wrote: Dear Ellen Brown, I have always appreciated your work and trusted where Ellen Brown is pointing more than where others say. I want to share a couple of insights with you that I think are useful to those genuinely trying to guide humanity toward all benefitting from the leaps made in technological productivity during the capitalist era capped now by A I, without being dehumanized. One is making use of the fact that there are two terms for what is referred to in most languages as both "work" and "labor." As Marx and Engels and Adam Smith and Ricardo would agree, and now as you inform me Benjamin Franking and Henry Carey also I feel certain: labor is the sine qua non of the on going process of humanization. Our homo sapiens species becomes humane, interdependent and civilly so, hence civilized by labor. What is a defintion of labor across civilizations? Labor ≡ time spent doing what another wants* as they want it done to earn* the means* to get what one wants from yet another. a more crass, shorthand definition is Labor ≡ bossed time for pay Work may refer to time spent performing the same activity, for the same purpose, with the same skill. But work may be unbossed and work may be unpaid. I.E. Free. in one's free time, free from mandates, free from doing something one wouldn't do, or wouldn't do that way if it weren't one's job, ie, bossed. hence Work of Art, Scientific work, even Housework. Obra de arte, Œuvre d'art. Not labor of art, trabajo de art, travail d'art.* Thus in a very advanced state of humanity, we may Labor for Freedom to Work freely, for free. It's my opinion, that humans need to continue relations of labor vis a vis one another to maintain humanity as civil and interdependent, civilly interdependent, civilized. IE for human civilization to survive. I can conceive of everyone performing some labor, doing something they wouldn't do if someone else didn't want them to do it and they do it to earn the means to get what they want from yet another[s]. Even a terminally ill patient can perform the labor of smiling while taking the experimental drug a medical scientist administers to earn the possibility of seeing their grandchild graduating from college on the zoom screen. We should all contribute a little labor time to earn the means to enjoy the most advanced goods and services human society has developed artificial intelligence to produce with no more human labor than programming and monitoring it. *want ≡ desire or need *earn, because there is a moral sense by both employer and employee that the latter has earned what the former must pay to reproduce the labor power. This becomes questionable once we are dealing with A I. I only sense its relevance up to now. *means ≡ money, or pay, in our epoch *words for labor and work in various language ------- The other insight I'd like to make accessible to you is a counter intuitive one derived from asking how class and patrilineal inheritance emerges from within matrilineal societies subsisting on the same species in their ecological niche, but overtime specializing in cultivating the productivity of one species, initially as their own most reliable food. Eventually resolving conflicts by "equitable exchanges of different forms of labor time" through intermarriage. Thence eventually a primitive form of Surplus Value, "surplus labor time due to one, yet due the other" emerges from "equitable exchanges of different forms of labor time, the technological productivity of which develops unevenly inevitably." I'm sure I still don't quite have it right or it wouldn't be so hard to convey. But I'm also sure that the uneven development of technological productivity has a counter-intuitive effect in enriching the one whose labor has not become more technologically productive at the expense of the one whose has, but they are still dependent upon and must abide by the rule of the other. This latter insight comes interaction between my primary interest in 1) how matrilineal societies became patrilineal class societies without outside conquest by societies that had to be traceable themselves to pre-patrilineal ones, 2)and conversations with Italians emphasizing "uneven development of technological productivity" at the 3) 2001 international conference on Marxism in Yunnan. Margaret (Peggy) Powell Dobbins (87) Atlanta, Georgia cf: https://peggydobbins.net facebook discussion groups Wikipedia & Emory University archives. On May 10, 2026, at 11:13 AM, Ellen Brown from Web of Debt wrote: Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for more All Wars Are Bankers’ Wars: Iran and the Bankers’ Endgame THE ABUNDANCE PARADIGM: WHY AI FORCES RETHINKING MONEY ITSELF—Part 1 ELLEN BROWN MAY 10 READ IN APP A Universal Basic Income (UBI) has long been proposed as a way to cushion the blow of jobs lost to automation. Under that model, everyone receives a modest monthly payment – enough to cover basic needs and prevent extreme poverty. But Elon Musk has gone further. On April 16, he posted on X: “Universal HIGH INCOME via checks issued by the Federal government is the best way to deal with unemployment caused by AI. “AI/robotics will produce goods & services far in excess of the increase in the money supply, so there will not be inflation.” Rather than a subsistence stipend, Universal High Income (UHI) would be a level of income allowing ordinary people to live well in a world where machines do most of the work. Musk has also said that AI and robotics are the only things that can solve the massive U.S. debt crisis. That sounds promising, but where will the government get the money to pay the UHI? Critics say any government that tried it would go bankrupt. There are also other concerns, which will be addressed in Part 2 of this article. Here we will look at the financial underpinnings: why UHI is even thinkable, why AI forces a reexamination of how money enters the economy, why the current system cannot scale to meet what is coming, and the implicit transition needed to meet that challenge. Continue reading here. SHARE LIKE COMMENT RESTACK © 2026 Ellen Brown 548 Market Street PMB 72296, San Francisco, CA 94104 Unsubscribe Start writing

I would contend that if and when socialist ideals collide with economic realities, the appropriate response is neither to abandon those ideals nor to assume that good intentions can overcome economic constraints. Rather, we should investigate which institutions can best coordinate production, allocate scarce resources, encourage innovation, and satisfy human needs. https://medium.com/@jimfarmelant/what-happens-when-socialist-ideals-collide-with-the-realities-of-economics-43a393c069c0 Jim Farmelant http://www.linkedin.com/in/jimfarmelant/

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Hey, I wanted to send you a quick text before I take the debate stage tonight. 𝗪𝗲 𝗮𝗹𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱𝘆 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝘄𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗠𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗴𝗲𝗿𝘀’ 𝗴𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻 𝗶𝘀. He’ll beg for last-minute support from his MAGA buddies and AIPAC, and he’ll try to land some cheap shots at me. I’m going to get up there and speak directly to every single Michigander watching about how I’ll go to bat for them in the Senate. 𝗕𝘂𝘁 𝗮𝘀 𝗺𝘂𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝘀 𝗜 𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗲 𝘄𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝘄𝗶𝗻 𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗱𝗼 𝘁𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝗶𝗻, 𝘄𝗲 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝗲 𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗮 𝗹𝗼𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝘃𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝙬𝙤𝙣'𝙩 𝙬𝙖𝙩𝙘𝙝 𝙩𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩’𝙨 𝙙𝙚𝙗𝙖𝙩𝙚. That’s why we urgently need to reach undecided voters in other ways, including through digital ads on streaming platforms, social media, and by knocking on their doors. So before I take the stage tonight, 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘁𝗲 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 $𝟭𝟬 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘃𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗱𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝘂𝘁𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻? If you can, you can use this link: abdul4sen.org/l/p3i6eq Let’s go get it, Abdul El-Sayed Text STOP to quit

By Raceman John Henry <

They often claim whites are back lashing ; whites are the FRONTlashers since the beginning of America . Dark races do righteously indignant true back lash ; deterrence. <


Yes Black Bottom Detroit was removed in a racist frontlash again , but Blacks then , liberated from confinement in Black Bottom, took over the whole city ! The whole city became overwhelmingly majority Black population. In a true _BACKlash_ ( They been lashing first since the begining of their Crimes against Africans ). Righteously Indignant BACKlash .


That's how Mayor Young was mayor for 20 years. Detroit became Black Top, with the old Black Bottom area , what I call Greater Lafayette Park, populated significantly with Duboisian Talented Tenths, Black Top's like Coleman Young himself near where he lived when young on Antietam ; near. Miller school. In Black Bottom. Nuttal’s lived there on Chestnut; Diggs ; at St. Aubin. The Catholic Church Coleman Young mentions in _Hardstuff_ is still there. Hyde Park part of Greater Lafayette Park is where Mayor Young lived and the FBI bugged his townhouse ; FBI had been harassing him for decades . <


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/08/detroit-is-haiti-unforgivably-black.html

Darwin plus Modern Evolution

Evolution Lecture 1 <


Charles Darwin’s law or theory of Evolution has FOUR parts. Two parts were discovered by Darwin; and two parts were discovered by his successors. Most people who know of Darwin’s law are familiar with his idea of 1) NATURAL SELECTION. This is popularly known as “Survival of the Fittest .” It is the idea that Nature BREEDS all the different form of Life on Earth.


“Natural selection is the differential longevity and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype or bodily characteristics . It is the key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection or BREEDING , which is humanly intentional, whereas natural selection is not all intentional.


Variation of traits, both genotypic and phenotypic, exists within all populations of organisms. However, some traits are more likely to facilitate survival and reproductive success. Thus, these traits are passed onto the next generation. These traits can also become more common within a population if the environment that favours these traits remain fixed. If new traits become more favored due to changes in a specific niche, microevolution occurs. If new traits become more favored due to changes in the broader environment, macroevolution occurs. Sometimes, new species can arise especially if these new traits are radically different from the traits possessed by their predecessors.


The likelihood of these traits being 'selected' and passed down are determined by many factors. Some are likely to be passed down because they adapt well to their environments and live long lives . Others are passed down because these traits are actively preferred by mating partners, which is known as sexual selection. Female bodies also prefer traits that confer the lowest cost to their reproductive health or even bodily comfort which is known as fecundity selection.”


( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection )


Professor Brown: However, Darwin also found that 2) ALL LIFE IS RELATED TO ALL OTHER LIFE THROUGH COMMON ANCESTRAL SPECIES. This is the principle of PHYLOGENY as represented by a “THE TREE OF LIFE” diagram. ( See handout)

“A phylogenetic tree, phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.[1][2] In other words, it is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. In evolutionary biology, all life on Earth is theoretically part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. Phylogenetics is the study of phylogenetic trees.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree Darwin only had the above two theories; he _ lacked_ good theories of 3) what the mechanism of heredity was by which traits could be passed on from one generation to the next ; and 4) how variation in a species arose . He knew that bodily traits were inherited by children from parents, but he didn’t know how. He knew that there were different bodily traits within the populations of the same species, but he did not know how that variation was caused.


Darwin’s successors solved theoretical problem 3) with the discovery of genes and DNA ; and 4) with the discovery of genetic mutations. These 2 theories combined with Darwin’s 2 theories of Phylogeny and Natural Selection form a complete Modern Evolutionary Theory !


(Charles Darwin : ( https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NFfSLlCawE ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NFfSLlCawE ; https://iep.utm.edu/darwin/ )

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution )

IMPORTANTLY, THE MEASURE OF DARWINIAN FITNESS/SUCCESSFUL ADAPTATION IS SPECIES POPULATION GROWTH; THE MEASURE OF UNFITNESS IS POPULATION SHRINKING , THE ULTIMATE UNFITNESS IS EXTINCTION !!! Please focus on this idea as it is not made explicit in standard presentations of Natural Selection. Please include this in your answer to the test question.

The Darwinian Tree of Life represents COMMON ANCESTORAL relations between different species at nodes of branching on the Tree diagram .The Tree of Life diagram implies a timeline from bottom to top. Thereby it represents EVOLUTION by NATURAL SELECTION of new traits and retention of some old traits.

The primate order is an order of the mammal class. All primates are mammals ; not all mammals are primates; increasingly inclusive categories as we go down on the Tree of Life . (( see handout of Primate Order section of Tree of Life)

It was Darwin’s claim that all life is related through common ancestral species INCLUDING HUMANS (!) that was controversial (not so much Natural Selection), because it conflicted with the Christian doctrine of human origin by God’s creation in the Garden of Eden.

In Darwin’s time, the idea that humans had evolved out of an earlier ancestor AT ALL was controversial. Darwin specifically hypothesized that the living species with the closest back in time or fewest generations back to a common ancestor with humans are chimpanzees; and that humans originated in Africa.

Subsequently, investigating these two Darwinian hypotheses , paleotologist-scientists, including Raymond Dart, explored parts of Africa looking for fossil remains evidence of a so-called MISSING LINK species. The idea is links in a chain as representing a line of species , one link descending from the previous links. The “missing link” would connect humans to our common ancestor on the Tree of Life with chimps

A fossil with characteristics constituting a link between a human “link” and a chimp “link” was discovered by Raymond Dart in Southern Africa (page 291 of text) ; and subsequently by many others . This proved Darwin’s hypothesis true. Dart found a fossil with a chimp sized brain BUT BI-PEDAL, OR HABITUALLY WALKING ON TWO FEET INSTEAD OF FOUR (quadrapedal). The phylogenetic-Tree of Life classification term for habitually bi-pedal primates is HOMININ.

(See handout on Missing Link)

( https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raymond-A-Dart )

Modern Natural Science

The modern scientific method of finding out truths about the world, the universe, originated 500 to 600 years ago in Europe. It has produced the estimates of the time of origin of major events of natural history of interest to this class as listed on the Scientific Cosmological or Worldview Timeline handout.

The origin of life on Earth was approximately 3.6 billion years ago. The first life forms or species were single celled and cloned to reproduce. Cloning means an organism makes a copy of itself to produce the next generation. The origin of sexually reproducing species was approximately 1.2 billion years ago. Reproduction is necessary to perpetuate species because individual organisms are mortal. Dinosaurs’ origin approximately 240 million years ago and extinction 65 million years ago is an example of Darwin’s principle of NATURAL SELECTION against. There were other mass extinctions prior to the dinosaur mass ( many different species) extinction.

( https://www.britannica.com/science/life/Evolution-and-the-history-of-life-on-Earth )

The dinosaur extinction was (an example of Darwin’s concept of species being selected against) probably due to a comet or meteor striking and exploding like many , many nuclear bombs on the earth ; and throwing so much debris up into the atmosphere that it blocked much of the sun’s light for many, many years; and thereby killing much plant life that the food of the dinosaurs. (https://www.britannica.com/animal/dinosaur/Extinction )

Mammals ( we are mammals) lived simultaneously with dinosaurs. They were small , furry animals relative to dinosaurs, and the reduced amount of plant food was enough for their smaller bodies to survive the loss of plant life. Thus, mammals were SELECTED FOR in the Darwinian sense. Mammals were fit relative to dinosaurs; survival of the fit species.

( What Happened Immediately After the Dinosaurs Went Extinct ? Mammals ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7nyan0wnkQ )


Three characteristic traits of mammals are ,1) mammary glands to feed the young, 2) warmblood ,3) bodily fur. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal ). Primates, A PHYLOGENETIC ORDER OF MAMMALS, retain these 3 traits; and primates evolved stereoscopic vision (page 138 of text) as an adaptation to living in trees. This is not to be confused with the Tree of Life metaphor ; primates actually did live in trees. Stereoscopic vision, by way of eyes in front of the head forming almost parallel lines of sight , gives sharper vision at a distance. Thereby, primates didn’t fall of the trees to death , and could catch insects more exactly; in other words adaptation in the trees. (Chapter 7 of the text ;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpnlS_ach-0 What is a Primate?)

HOMININS

Hominins (See last section of Chapter 12 and Chapters 13, 14 and 15 of the text _Physical Anthropology_) are distinguished from other primates by a skeleton adapted for bipedalism – the habit of _walking_ upright on the two hind limbs. Hominins in this class are habitually, anatomically, physiologically, naturally UPRIGHT-ERECT, BIPEDAL primates . Although, other primate species are able to stand on two legs temporarily , only hominins evolved as habitually bipeds. Kangaroos, some birds and other animals are bipeds , but they are not primates.

https://www.britannica.com/science/bipedalism

Some closely related primate species , including chimpanzees and gorillas, exhibit knuckle walking a pattern of movement in which long arms and the knuckles of the hand support the weight.

See handouts

There are several Darwinian natural selection hypotheses for the origin of bipedalism evolving out of a quadrupedal/knuckle-walking species ancestral to hominin species.

1) Adaptation to savanna ecological niche: Bipedalism may have allowed primates to move about more freely within savanna environments (grassland, with scattered trees, prevalent in Africa) and to watch out for predators over the tall grasses. Erect bipeds walk greater distance using less energy than quadrupeds can and , with their eyes elevated higher than quadrupeds can see over grasses and see a longer way into the distance for predators or prey. However, evidence from recent fossil finds suggests that early bipedal hominins lived in forested areas.

2) Bipedalism lessens stress from the extreme heat of the savanna in East and Southern Africa. The air is slightly cooler off the ground, and erect bipedalism exposes less surface area of the body to the midday sun.( page 311 of the text)

3) Carrying behavior: Bipedalism allows hominins to carry objects in the two front limbs (arms), enabling the carrying of food and easier transportation of the young ( fleeing predators or pursuing a nomad-migratory life way). Bipedalism also frees hands to carry tools and weapons. This Professor Brown’s football sports example.

4) The genitalia of both sexes are exposed to vision more in erect posture than in quadrupedal stooped posture. This may have resulted in more fertile matings by erect phenotype individuals (see page 311 text)

5) Other primates have free hands while stationary, so the main abilities that hominins have over quadrupedal and knuckle walking primates is that forelimbs-hands are free during locomotion walking over running. However, hands free virtually all the time probably contributed to the evolution of the hands into highly developed organs of manipulation (literally) that are better for the manufacture of tools or for affectionate stroking.

Hominin Species

The details of the hominin Tree of Life (“family tree”) are still being developed, but anthropologists generally agree about the primary ancestral relationships of and among hominin species.

1) The lines leading to chimpanzees, gorillas and humans are believed to have diverged sometime between 8 – 5 million years ago.

2) Fossils of the earliest hominins , from about 7 -1.8 million years ago have been found SOLEY IN AFRICA ( See discussion of Piltdown Hoax on _fake_fossils found in England).

3) Paleoanthropologists generally agree that there were more than one line of hominin species, only one of which evolved into the human or Genus Homo species. The robust australopithecines , which coexisted with early species of the Genus Homo, are not considered ancestral to humans and became extinct approximately 1 million years ago.

( https://www.britannica.com/topic/hominin )


( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3n370ww3L4 Hominin Evolution, Part 1: The First 5 Million Years )

( https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/exhibits/seven-million-years-human-evolution )

It feels wrong to call them “favourites”, but the catalogue of conduct that should have derailed the Trump train before it even left the station, let alone chuffed into the Oval Office twice, is devilishly hard to rank.<


For me, an unholy trinity of outbursts that preceded his first election victory still provoke feelings of confusion and great sadness at the apparent indifference of so many towards principles I naively believed to be baked into both British and American concepts of civilisation and decency.


In chronological order, Trump’s physical mocking in November 2015 of the disability of Serge F Kovaleski, a New York Times journalist Trump had fallaciously cited in defence of his lie that thousands of Muslim Americans had celebrated the September 11 terror attacks.


The following July, Pakistani Americans Khizr and Ghazala Khan responded to his plan to ban migration of Muslims. The couple, whose son Humayun was a captain in the US Army killed in the Iraq War, took to the stage at the Democratic National Convention where Khizr challenged the constitutionality of Trump’s plan and pointed out that he had “sacrificed nothing – and no one” for his country. Trump responded by suggesting that Ghazala, who has explained that she elected not to speak for fear of breaking down when a picture of her dead son was displayed, had stayed silent because she “wasn’t allowed” to speak.


And finally, the infamous boast about how he could “grab” women by the “p*ssy” that I, sweet summer child that I am, honestly believed would scupper his Presidential campaign. It didn’t, of course, and it is often Trump supporters on both sides of the Atlantic who have subsequently claimed most vociferously to be dedicated to protecting “our women and girls”.


I cite these three early examples of his moral turpitude not because they are necessarily the most egregious but because so many more have followed that it is now, literally, impossible to keep track. The Washington Post, for example, catalogued 30,573 false or misleading statements he made during his first term. <


https://l.smartnews.com/p-8J3eM5XO/3LNC4B

Insider reveals why Rays vs. Brewers World Series is a 'nightmare' for MLB, TV execs Matt Sullivan The Milwaukee Brewers swept the Los Angeles Dodgers in four games in the NLCS, making the World Series as a small-market team with a smaller budget trying to win their first-ever title. Not long after they clinched, the Tampa Bay Rays, another small-market, low-payroll team, clinched the ALCS over the Cleveland Guardians. It's a fun World Series between two clubs that have never won a title before, which is great for the fans. However, as USA Today's Bob Nightengale outlined, this is a "nightmare" for Major League Baseball and TV executives. The reason why? It's thanks to a combination of likely lower ratings due to the smaller markets and what these low-payroll teams mean for a potential salary cap. Why Brewers vs. Rays WS matchup is a 'nightmare' for MLB and TV execs "It's a nightmare World Series matchup for Major League Baseball, which has stressed to everyone who'd listen that a salary cap is desperately needed, even running advertisements into the postseason," Nightengale writes. Starting with the MLB side of things, Nightengale is pointing towards the league's wish to impose a salary cap and salary floor, with the intention of trying to even the playing field for teams. With clubs like the New York Mets, Dodgers, and New York Yankees spending way more on their clubs than the Rays and Brewers, it's natural for fans of those lower-payroll teams to feel like their club doesn't have a chance. But since they both made the World Series and were clearly the best teams all season long, one of MLB's top talking points for why a salary cap is needed has gone out the window. They can make other arguments for a cap, but this was a strong one for fans. While MLB might still get their salary cap wish, this World Series matchup might give the MLBPA enough to fight a cap better, especially with fans of lower-payroll teams seeing a matchup between two such clubs, proving their team could do it too. MORE: Dodgers facing tricky question over Shohei Ohtani's future as a two-way player But that's not all. TV executives likely would've preferred a Dodgers vs. Yankees matchup, or at least one of the big-market teams to have made the World Series. "It's a nightmare for the TV executives with two small-markets -- including one that failed to even sell out several games of the postseason -- that could lead to the lowest ratings in World Series history," Nightengale writes. While the fans of the Brewers and Rays will tune into the World Series, there's no denying both of these franchises come from smaller markets. Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles aren't featured in this World Series. Fans from those areas will watch, as it's still the World Series. But it would hardly be a surprise if this 2026 World Series resulted in some very low ratings, at least compared to what they'd be if a bigger market were involved. So, while TV executives are likely in for lower ratings, and MLB might not have as much ammunition to push for a salary cap, Nightingale's point that the Brewers vs. Rays World Series is a "nightmare" for both does make sense. But for Rays and Brewers fans, this is a dream come true. Both teams have a real chance of winning it all, and whichever club wins, it'll be their first-ever title in franchise history. From a fan perspective, it doesn't get better than that. More MLB news: Yankees predicted to replace Jazz Chisholm with $12M two-time Silver Slugger winner, 4x All-Star Astros have 2 clear trade candidates during MLB offseason Padres 3.21 ERA postseason hero predicted to land huge $120M contract Mariners manager candidate backs out of running for lesser job with Phillies Cubs' 26-HR outfielder gets underwhelming $66M contract prediction

http://reparti.free.fr/gould1977b.pdf<



http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/httpswww_0718613755.html<


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Fundamental contradiction of language underlies all paradoxes and contradictions that arise in our discourse ? <


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Yes ! That’s the fundamental contradiction of the Word. A word is using something to represent something it is not . It _identifies_ (pretends ) something with something it is not by definition. This is why Logic must begin with contradiction as Hegel does ; not with identity as formal logic does . ( See what I discovered -smiles)


Formal logic and mathematics fall into contradiction eventually ( Russell , Goedel, Zeno ) because they are words , symbolic signs , which are contradictory by definition ; words are symbolic signs which use something to represent something that they are not.


I have Ilyenkov’s _Dialectical Logic_ . I read it some , but didn’t get much . I’ll look again . By the way , I’m understanding Smaller Logic much better now . Does he use a lot of synonyms ? God = Freedom = Spirit = Idea = Absolute. When I read it like that I get. Plus , I think anthropology-linguistics-semiotics has a deeper understanding of thought than he now . So, I’m critiquing him with the concept ( notion ?) of symbolic signs - arbitrary relation between sign and thing signified concept . mental _pictures_ would be iconographic signs , symbolic, but not fully arbitrary. Symbolic because the picture is not what it represents; not arbitrary because they resemble what they represent.


This is from Andy Blunden’s “The meaning of Hegel’s Logic “


I would substitute for “spirit “ or “God” , “Culture -Language -Custom-Tradition” . Objective reality , the World, Nature are not made by these. But humans conceive of objective reality in terms of language and culture .


“In The Science of Logic and the later and more accessible Shorter Logic the subject is "Logic". As Ilyenkov explains in his essays From the History of Dialectics, Hegel created a revolution in the understanding of Logic by, among other things, widening the field of observation from "propositional algebra" (formal rules governing how the truth of one proposition follows from that of another) to the whole field of materialisation of human practice - social-historical development, science, religion, industry. Consequently, in elaborating the general laws exhibited in the development of human practice, he necessarily also uncovered objective laws true to the objective material world as a whole. "Thought" in the sense in which Hegel is dealing with it, is not just the consciousness of individuals, or even concepts as social-historical products, but rather an intangible "spirit" which corresponds to these most general forms, and enters consciousness as something objective.”


Blunden should say “spirit “ _is_ a socio-historical product that objectively enters consciousness, the brain , by learning language and culture.


The Notion is the Word , I’m thinking ; or the Sentence, the Paragraph, the Book.


Notion = Alphabetic Writing


A human Self , a human Brain has in its memory words -sentences-stories that represent the experiences of many , many other brains, alive and dead brains . We humans uniquely can share our experiences with each other . Human individual thought is thereby “ universal “ , to use one of Hegel’s terms .

A word or sentence gives a human brain the ability to know about things , events , processes that are _displaced_ from the individual’s concrete , immediate experiences, here and now .


The fact that words are not what they represent is what allows them to give a Self , an individual brain to experience the displaced ( I discovered this ; the other concepts are basic anthropology- linguistics - semiotics. I put them together to derive the last proposition)


How does the arbitrary relationship between sign and signified give this capacity to experience the displaced, that which the individual brain has not directly heard , smelled, tasted , touched or seen ? Here’s how I explain it in class. I write my name on the black board - Charles Brown . I point to the letters and say those marks are not me . But they are used to represent me. That’s using something to represent something it is not . It’s identifying differences ; it is the most fundamental unity of opposites , because this is the most fundamental unit of human thought; pace Hegel.


But I digress . My great grand father Brown is dead . But because his name is not dead , it can survive him ( give him a certain immortality). Survive him and pass on to me . He is displaced from me in time , not in my immediate experience. But his name gives me mediated experience of him or his name mediates my experience of him .


Or take almost any word , dog . Contained in dog or dog in sentences or paragraphs or biology text books gives me access to the displaced experiences of millions of others of dogs . I have a certain access to the “universal experience “ which I can’t get from my individual experience.


Displaced = abstract

Abstract experience / Concrete experience Displaced experience/ Concrete immediate experience


( Latin root for abstract is “take from” or “ take away from”; to displace , almost literally. )

Notion = Alphabetic Writing

Here’s a blog on this :

http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/05/identifying-something-with-something-it.html


Here’s a scientific conclusion about the difference between Hegel’s “ Man” and “brutes”:

https://owlcation.com/stem/The-difference-between-animal-and-human-communication


Something else I noticed:

http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/04/words-are-little-communisms.html

Another on same topics :

http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/03/theory-of-structure-of-symbols-and.html .

Here’s a rough brain model

From: Charles Brown Date: July 7, 2021 at 8:17:28 PM EDT To: marxism-thaxis@lists.riseup.net Subject: Philosophical and psychological anthropology 


Finally , I add a fifth and sixth sub fields to the conventional 4 : philosophical anthropology raising questions like "What is life ? " , "What is human life and human nature ?", etc.


5: Anthropological psychology Anthropological psychology because psychology is study of the Individual , the Self, that idol of American culture and symbolic inheritance . So, learning about individuals is automatically more relevant to individual student's interests , which is of course , especially in themSELVES.


Anthropological Psychology ,is especially in opposition to evolutionary psychology, socio/biology , all social phony "darwinisms". Anthropological psychology places emphasis on culture , language and inter and intra - generational memories in the psyches and personalities of individual humans :

the "We" in the "I".

The human "I " is more "We" than other animal species' "I"'s BUT NOT ABSOLUTELY DETERMINED BY THE "WE. "; not absolutely _socially_ constructed.


What is unique about the individual human psyche as compared to other primate or mammal individual's psyches , minds, brains , memories, perceptions ?


The human difference is so many of our memories are symbols , words, drawings , music, dance. Symbolic communication


The whole collection of memories held in our INDIVIDUAL minds: Each human individual has her WHOLE language and culture and symbols in her MEMORY ;

and memories directly imitative ( not symbolic) of sensations or perceptions of the world outside her individual mind, of objective reality .

We have memories. We also have direct sensation of our immediate , here and now , surroundings . BUT most of the time that we see or hear or smell

or touch something or somethings there must right way come to our mind a MEMORY of it or something like it or a SYMBOL OF IT. at the same time. Why ?Because it's familiar . We recognize it. Otherwise we would constantly feel lost . Every new sensation would be strange .

A main current new thought for me here is to focus on memories. Most thought is memories not perceptions and sensations of your individual external surroundings

However this is true of all animals ! All individual animals have most of their thoughts as MEMORIES !

Chimps have lots of picture similar images proportionately . We have proportionately more symbolic memories: words , sentences, conversations .


Anthropological Psychology : Self

On the Self, I'd say every individual animal has an instinct of SELF-preservation , and therefore a self. Every brain is a Self.

Humans have a personality , which is a cultural , symbolic self, with a name; an individual . It is socially constructed in association with other people; in communication between brains.

The Self is in the brain, consisting of memories in brain cells.

Language is in brain cells, memory cells. When you say "you" exist in language , that means "you" exist in brain cells, memory cells specifically.


On Oct 28, 2021, at 7:58 AM, Peggy Dobbins wrote ?


On Oct 27, 2021, at 10:53 PM, Charles Brown (via marxism-thaxis Mailing List) wrote:


To Hegel, . . . . the real world is only the external, phenomenal form of “the Idea.” With me, on the contrary, the ideal is nothing else than the material world reflected by the human mind, and translated into forms of thought."

That's pretty clear. Now here's my question. About dialectics, a logic? About logic, an idea or a thought, brain matter thinking about matter changing?


About bi-sexual reproduction and other matter binomial: Things divide in two, but shatter in many pieces. I heard about splitting the atom. That would be into two. Was the atom split or splintered?

peggy old Women In Time Change History

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Feel the Bern on campaign trail in Florida <



https://www.youtube.com/live/i3FKvAVRtm4?si=SkETvTHFqekXV9RV


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2024/03/argaret-brennan-well-thatll-be-in-hands.html<



https://l.smartnews.com/p-8HYza3Ac/JG4TJR<

ECOWAS Bows Down - TRAORE Makes HISTORY for AFRICA <


#IbrahimTraore #BurkinaFaso #AllianceOfSahelStates A major diplomatic development in West Africa is raising an important question: Can Ibrahim Traore and the leaders of the Alliance of Sahel States protect their sovereignty while rebuilding cooperation with ECOWAS? On October 17, 2026, representatives of ECOWAS and the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) met in Dakar, Senegal, and signed a joint communiqué that could mark a new chapter in African diplomacy. For Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger, this meeting represents more than a diplomatic handshake. After withdrawing from ECOWAS, these three nations have pursued a different political direction centered <


https://youtu.be/Ys5HkcGwAek?si=VDVfQXUExpN8-1z6

Autobiography of CB -Bing ; Volume 4

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Link to Volume 1:<

http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/blog-post_339.html<


Volume 3<


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/auto-bio-mio-3.html


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The essay on Women's Liberation , linked immediatly below , perfects Marxism’s historical materialism. I believe I’m world famous in Marxism for this and a couple of other theoretical articles ; I get people from every continent and dozens of countries coming to my blog . < <



http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/07/for-womens-liberation-comradely.htm


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http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/12/materialism-necessity-and-freedom.html

I am Professor of Marxism as evidenced by this blog. I am an auto-didact largely through books and literature from CPUSA and from the Soviet Union. Read most of the critical classics by Marx , Engels, Lenin and many commentators . <


I don’t say I _am_ a Marxist-Leninist ; I say I _profess_ Marxism-Leninism; try to practice it , although that is difficult with imperialism ruling my world . <


Back in college in Ann Arbor , oh them good ole days of intellectual pursuit, pursuit of truths about Human life ,Living with my cohorts roomate brilliant students Stan Sheinbaum, Steve Weiss, Bernie Seibers , Jim Conley, et al. in West Quadrangle, South Quad , student apartments , Mary Markley Dorm; before that Party education as an anthropology major in 1968 to 1972, i understood the basic idea of Materialism from anthropologist Leslie A. White's Technologist -Energy Capture determinist theory of Human Cultural Evolution.


Many years later as i developed my anthropology ( Science of Human Life) theories (I was pushed to develop them be cause I started _teaching_ anthropology as professor at Wayne County Community College District at 63 years old , I discovered that White should have based his ideas about Evolution of Culture on the Darwinian idea that _fitness_ is measured by _population growth or shrinkage ; with Energy Capture / protein capture as secondary measure . <


Marshall Sahlins , one of White's famous students , criticzed White's formula . <

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Sahlins should have made my criticism basing Cultural Evolutionary analysis in Darwinian evolutionary theory . I think Sahlins avoided the Darwinian evolutionary schools of his day as they were too much infested with so-called Social Darwinism which is actually anti-social . Sahlins put his materialist focus on Stone Age Economics to excellent use in his book by that name especially the chapter " The Original Affluent Society." See my use of that essay in The Spirit of my learning in anthropology from all my professors at the University of Michigan <


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2024/06/stone-age-was-more-civilized-than-so.html ?


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White theory is basead on Lewis Henry Morgan's _Ancient Society_ . Engels based _Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State_ on _Ancient Society. <


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2022/03/leslie-white-founded-evolutionary.html

I learned Materialist , Ecological anthropology from Professor's Roy Rappaport and Conrad Kottak at University of Michigan where Leslie White founded a Morganian school of anthropology <


We had a "Layer Cake " as in the drawing below with the barrel ; think of the barrel as a layer cake . The lower material structure layers determine the upper superstructure layers . <
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Hope you , dear reader, can see how this is analogous to Marx famous claim in his Contribution to Critique of Political Economy : " In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness. At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or – this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms – with the property relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an era of social revolution. The changes in the economic foundation lead sooner or later to the transformation of the whole immense superstructure. " <


https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm <

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http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/05/for-people-owning-too-big-to-fail_18.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/05/free-all-caring-and-re-productive.html<



http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/05/we-cant-pay-our-bills-we-cant-pay-our.html<


Culturally inherited adaptations give human species high Darwinian fitness; critique of Engels "Role of Labour" Culturally inherited adaptations give human species high Darwinian fitness Darwin’s natural laws , physiology laws , DNA-gene laws, and ecological laws are the central organizing principles of Modern Biology. The laws of symbolically constituted language and culture as the defining characteristics of humans are the central organizing principles of anthropology. Symbolic communication and behavior give humans a way of adapting ( in the Darwinian sense ) that is more efficient than adapting based on random genetic mutation, because cultural adaptations are caused by the adaptive problem ( problems in the struggle for existence) that they solve ; the adaptive problem causes humans to invent in symbolic thought , imagination, a solution to the adaptive problem . With language and culture , Necessity is the mother of invention ( which is a materialist philosophical , not idealist , explanation, because the material survival necessity changes the ideas of the human inventor , changes her culture ) Culture allows non-random Darwinian adaption , unlike genetic adaptations ; the adaptive solution does not arise only coincidentally with the problem it solves , not just by luck as with genetic adaptations. For example , we might hypothesize that Homo erectuses invented clothes or controlled fire in response to moving into colder regions North of Africa . The acts of invention were caused by the problem in the struggle for existence of cold body temperature. The adaptive problem caused its own solution. Relying on the adaptation by way of genetic changes ( maybe to grow fur) would mean waiting on a genetic mutation NOT CAUSED BY THE COLDER TEMPERATURE, a mutation not caused by the adaptive problem, but arising coincidentally with the problem it solves. In this hypothetical thought experiment, survival in the struggle for existence, material necessity, changes the cultural ideas of the inventors , adds a custom of clothes , costumes to the their customs , their traditions , their culture. Non-randomly arising solutions to adaptive problems are La Marckian-LIKE. In LaMarck’s famous thought experiment as to “how the giraffe got its long neck”, the adaptive problem of food only available high up _causes_ the giraffe to solve the problem by stretching its neck ( this is a fictional account). The solution does not arise _randomly_ relative to the problem it solves. More adaptive problems are solved if the problem tends to cause its own solution than if the solutions just happen luckily to occur as with _random_ genetic mutations solving adaptive problems. Thus , with culture, language (symbolic inheritance, symbolic imagination and symbolic communication ) humans have a more efficient adaptive process than all other life forms. Humans have both cultural , non-random adaptation and random genetic mutation adaptation . Other life forms , species , only have random genetic mutation adaptation. How does symbolic thinking allow humans to invent solutions to adaptive problems in response to the problem arising ? Because symbolic thinking allows imaginative thinking or imagination is a form of symbolic thinking ; imagination empowers invention. Furthermore, symbolic thinking allows SYMBOLIC INHERITANCE of adaptive inventions by future generations ! Genes and culture/words are inherited - IN DIFFERENT WAYS . For example , almost all the words in the vocabulary of a living generation were invented by dead past generations , inherited. (paragraph) Ancestor veneration The difference between humans and all other species is that through symbolic communication , words and culture, dead generations have a certain immortality and are part of the society of living generations . Living generations share the experiences of dead generations through SYMBOLIC INHERITANCE . Thereby knowledge accumulates. All humans stand on the shoulders of giants , as the scientist Issac Newton put it . Accumulated knowledge gives a growing ability to adapt, in Darwin’s sense , to problems in the struggle for existence . https://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/09/symbolic-inheritance.html Symbolic Inheritance For anthropology, culture-language-Symbolic Inheritance is the unique species characteristic of _homo sapiens_. In a sense, "culture-language-Symbolic Inheritance is another word for "wisdom", from the notion that humans are the species _homo wise_. It is humans socially learned practices, customs, language, traditions, beliefs, religion, spirituality that make us "wise" in so many ways, certainly clever and winners _as a species_ ( not just as a few "fit" Individuals) in the struggles and snuggles to survive as a species. Since the advent of civilization, sometimes it's not so clear how wise our culture makes us. Greed, slavery, war, male supremacy, Egoism originate with Civilization ! It is better termed Savagery and Barbarism. Therein lies the central drama of the history of the human species. Nonetheless, clearly in the Stone Age, our having culture-language-Symbolic Inheritance was a highly adaptive advantage over species that did not have culture , stone tools , scientific knowledge (!) standing on the shoulders of dead generations , raising our species fitness. This is evidenced by _homo sapiens_ expanding in population and therefore migrating to an expanded area of living space across the earth , out of what is now Africa to the other continents. Stone Age foraging and kinship organized , peaceful and sharing societies were the mode of life for the vast majority of time of human species ' existence, 90% plus Differentia specifica of human species is symbolic communication and behavior - language and culture . I write here a critique of Engels’ essay “The Role of Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man” in part based on Marx’s claim that human labor is differentiated from all other species “ labor by the role of imagination “! ( (https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm ) Otherwise , in his anthropological _The Origin of the Family , Private Property and the State _ , Engels is profoundly correct on the difference between the Stone Age and Civilization and other issues. http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2022/01/panel-presentation-on-engelss-origin-of.html My critique of Engels on this point is informed by the current biological ( human evolution) and cultural anthropological facts on origin of tool use , stone tool use ; and the nature of language and culture as SYMBOLIC communication and behavior . Origin of tool use and origin of language and culture is the issue Engels speculates concerning in “The Role of Labour in the transition from Ape to Man“. My basic difference with him is that language and culture allowed the invention of labor with Stone tools created by imagination; not labor created language and culture ( symbolic communication and behavior ; see definition of symbolic signs below ) ; I plead not guilty to the charge of philosophical idealism -smiles . The origin of humans is the origin of language and culture , NOT the origin of bipedalism and hands freed from walking on all fours . ( see pre-human , habitually bipedal primates https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecine)  “Engels never finished Dialectics of Nature. Haldane, in his preface to the 1939 publication of Dialectics of Nature, regrets that it remained unpublished for a long time, and writes, “Had his remarks on Darwinism been generally known, I for one would have been saved a certain amount of muddled thinking.” One of its unfinished fragments is on the role of labor in human evolution, more specifically the evolution of the hand. It is the evolution of the hand through the process of labor—creating tools—that distinguishes humans from apes. Engels writes, “Thus the hand is not only the organ of labour, it is also the product of labour.” It is not the evolution of the hand that led to our evolution as a species but the coevolution of the hand and labor as a historical process.” The bottomline of my critique in the blog below is : Language and culture , symbolic communication and symbolically guided behavior, originate 2.5 million years ago and enable homo habilis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilis) to make the first Stone tools . ( THE ORIGIN OF HUMANS IS IN THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE , SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION AND BEHAVIOR) It is NOT that the ancestral bipedal species (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecine) to homo habilis started using its hands ( freed by bipedalism ; standing on two feet instead of four freeing the hands ) and that caused them to start symbolic communication and behavior as Engels speculates . ( this is not idealist philosophical error on my part ; I will explain why not below) Here is Engels’ essay The Part played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1876/part-played-labour/index.htm The following is my blog item critiquing Engels‘ essay. http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/02/more-leisure-is-homo-sapiens-species.html More Leisure is Homo sapiens species essence ; May Day demand More Leisure ( than our ancestral primate species had) is our species essence ( See "The Original Affluent Society" by my anthropological mentor and senior anthro major advisor ,Marshall Sahlins , in _Stone Age Economics_ ) . Foraging is a mode of direct appropriation from nature , not a mode of production; making a living by gigging smart not working hard. It was not that bi-pedalism and the origin of hands originated a new labor that caused the invention of tradition , names and words . The invention of culture and language in childcare by mothers ( I’m saying mothers invented names , words , symbolic communication to improve childcare, reproductive labor ) was extended to making a living ( the Darwinian struggle for existence) ; language and culture revolutionized the human struggle for existence by making it smarter, wiser, because of accumulation of knowledge over many generations . Language gives humans the capacity for dead generations to leave communications about their experiences to future living generations) . Also More leisure gives more time to think and thereby work even smarter. Symbolic communication allows : Ancestor veneration The difference between humans and all other species is that through symbolic communication , words and culture, dead generations have a certain immortality and are part of the society of living generations . Living generations share the experiences of dead generations . Thereby knowledge accumulates. All humans stand on the shoulders of giants , as the scientist Issac Newton put it concerning his scientific ancestors . Engels is wrong in "The Role of Labor in the Transition from Ape to Man" when he says "First labour, after it and then with it speech ..." CB : First long childcare , then names and speech invented by mothers to do better childcare , and then a transition to LESS toil in the struggle for existence , to smarter struggle for existence informed by ancestral experience , and more leisure as compared with primate species ancestral to homo habilis and the origin of the Stone Age . Stone tools were invented to allow making a living less toilsome and more efficient . Perhaps the topic would be better named the transition in the struggle for existence in the transition from ape to man : the origin of imagination. Stone Age society is Societas ( anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan’s term in _Ancient Society_ ) beginning 2.5 million years ago ; to circa 6,000 years ago with the beginning of Civitas ( Morgan ) private property, greed , slavery and heavy labor ( as Engels teaches in _The Origin of the Family , Private Property and the State _ ) . Slavery is the origin of Hard work , work ethic. With so-called civilization, hard work ethic comes to dominate cultural ideas . So, hard labour is not our Stone Age, species-being , but civilization-being, which is a small fraction of the full time of our species history. I think Engels anachronistically projects the determining role of labor on ideas ( the historical materialist principle ) back onto the Stone Age origins of language and culture . In fact the invention of language and culture revolutionized the bipedal primates’ struggle for existence by making it less of a struggle . Toilsome struggle was introduced with _slave_ labor in so-called civilization where historical materialist determination originates. Nonetheless , Marx and Engels do propose transition from the Kingdom of Necessity to the Kingdom of Freedom . Freedom is Leisure and smart work through technology . Jobs lost to technological invention should be translated into more leisure time for the masses, a May Day demand. [Marxism-Thaxis] The Part played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man c b Thu, 27 May 2010 05:54:49 -0700 What about the transition in labor in the transition from ape to man ? This essay uses "labor" in the sense that it is something that apes do; it is their struggle for existence , for survival in the Darwinian sense . So, it is not the same "labor" ( or is it work ?) that produces capitalist surplus value in _Capital_I, but the “labor “ more general to all animals that Marx describes in Chapter so and so , where he says the difference between the labor of spiders and bees and that of man is imagining the project as a plan first ( this implies that spiders and bees labor). "Labour is, in the first place, a process in which both man and Nature participate, and in which man of his own accord starts, regulates, and controls the material re-actions between himself and Nature. He opposes himself to Nature as one of her own forces, setting in motion arms and legs, head and hands, the natural forces of his body, in order to appropriate Nature’s productions in a form adapted to his own wants. By thus acting on the external world and changing it, he at the same time changes his own nature. He develops his slumbering powers and compels them to act in obedience to his sway. We are not now dealing with those primitive instinctive forms of labour that remind us of the mere animal. An immeasurable interval of time separates the state of things in which a man brings his labour-power to market for sale as a commodity, from that state in which human labour was still in its first instinctive stage. We pre-suppose labour in a form that stamps it as exclusively human. A spider conducts operations that resemble those of a weaver, and a bee puts to shame many an architect in the construction of her cells. But what distinguishes the worst architect from the best of bees is this, that the architect raises his structure in imagination before he erects it in reality. At the end of every labour-process, we get a result that already existed in the imagination of the labourer at its commencement. He not only effects a change of form in the material on which he works, but he also realises a purpose of his own that gives the law to his modus operandi, and to which he must subordinate his will. And this subordination is no mere momentary act. Besides the exertion of the bodily organs, the process demands that, during the whole operation, the workman’s will be steadily in consonance with his purpose. This means close attention. The less he is attracted by the nature of the work, and the mode in which it is carried on, and the less, therefore, he enjoys it as something which gives play to his bodily and mental powers, the more close his attention is forced to be.” https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm So, Marx’s implication ( contra Engels in “The Role of Labor “ ) is that in the transition from ape to man, labor transitioned in part by taking on more mental labor, imagination and planning , as a component. Imagination is a form of symbolic thinking . Symbolic thinking defines humans , differentiates humans from all other species despite the false and exaggerated claims for chimps and gorillas by some primatologists [Marxism-Thaxis] The Part played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man c b Thu, 27 May 2010 13:32:42 -0700 Engels: “But the decisive step had been taken, the hand had become free and could henceforth attain ever greater dexterity; the greater flexibility thus acquired was inherited and increased from generation to generation.” ^^^^^ CB: Ahhh but how ? How did the experience of repetition of use of _a_ hand by one individual get transferred to the brains of the next generation and the next , become the experience of _The_ hand ? If Patriarch/Matrirach uses his hands thousands of times his increasing dexterity is based on accumulated experience in that one individual's brain. The next generation's brains go back to "square one" at birth and childhood . The only way to accumulate the knowledge across generations is by mediating the learning experience with language, imagination, symbolic communication The only way to "stand on the shoulders of giants" is to receive messages from them through a system of symbols, words . ( as in those days there wasn't the technology to take enough pictures) "The" hand is not the hand of an individual, but The Hand, as a concept, an organ of the species. IT OCCURS TO ME THAT ENGELS IS ENTERTAINING A LAMARCKIAN OR INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISIICS HYPOTHESIS OF SKILL WITH THE HAND PASSED ON TO NEXT GENERARTIOS ; AS LAMARCK’S HYPOTHESIS ON HOW GIRAFFES GOT LONG NECKS . AT THAT TIME, EVEN DARWIN HAD NOT DISMISSED INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS AS TRUE. LATER BIOLOGY FOUND THAT RANDOM GENETIC MUTATIONS WERE THE SOURCE OF VARIETY OF CHARACTERISICS WITHIN A SPECIES. ( Symbolic signs - words being the best example - have an _arbitrary_ relation between the sign and the thing signified . They are using something to represent something that they are not. In my class , I write my name on the board -Charles Brown . Then I point out that the marks on the board are not me; but they are used to represent me. So a name is using something to represent something it is not . There is an arbitrary relation between a name and the person named . “What’s in a name ? A rose by any other is just as sweet. The opposite of a symbolic sign is an _indexical_ sign . There is a necessary ( not arbitrary ) relationship between the sign and the thing signified . A favorite example is smoke and fire . Smoke is an indexical sign of fire . Only humans have symbolic signs . Humans and all other animals communicate or read indexical signs ; humans have both -despite the exaggerated claims for chimps and gorillas by some animals rights primatologists. Symbolic and indexical signs are basic ideas of semiotics .( http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/) The arbitrary relation between symbolic signs and thing signified gives humans a DISPLACEMENT capacity . Humans can communicate with each other about events that are not in their immediate sensory field , like things that happened a week ago , or things that are on the other side of town See https://owlcation.com/stem/The-difference-between-animal-and-human-communication I CLAIM TO HAVE DISCOVERED BY LOGICAL IMPLICATION THAT THE UNIQUE DISPLACEMENT CAPACITY OF HUMANS ALLOWS ACCUMULATION OF KNOWLEDGE OVER GENERATIONS BECAUSE A LIVING GENERATION CAN SHARE THE EXPERIENCE OF DEAD GENERATIONS , SHARE _DISPLACED_ EXPERIENCES . Therefore , it was the ability to experience the displaced experiences of dead generations, symbolic thinking , that allowed the first humans to make Stone tools ( reverse of Engels’ idea) Again , Symbolic communication allows : Ancestor veneration The difference between humans and all other species is that through symbolic communication , words and culture, dead generations have a certain immortality and are part of the society of living generations . Living generations share the experiences of dead generations . Thereby knowledge accumulates. All humans stand on the shoulders of giants , as the scientist Issac Newton put it concerning his scientific ancestors . @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Materialism, Necessity and Freedom: Rehearsal of the Fundamentals of Marxism WHY IS HISTORY A HISTORY OF CLASS STRUGGLES ?<


By Comrade Charles D. Brown


By the _Manifesto of the Communist Party_ every Marxist knows the A,B,C's of historical materialism or the materialist conception of history. The written history of hither to existing society, since the breaking up of the ancient Communist Stone Age kin group societies , is a history of class struggles between oppressor and oppressed. Classes are groups that associate in a division of labor to produce their material means of existence.


Why are class struggles fundamental in determining the whole of society's laws and rules, it's history and culture, the "super-structure" ? Because exploited classes are coerced into producing surpluses for exploiting classes by making supply of the physiological necessities of life, of self-preservation , to the exploited classes conditional upon their producing those surpluses. Not only do exploited classes produce the physiological and derivative material necessities of life for society , but they are denied much of the fruits of their labor , thrown into poverty , unless they supply the bosses, the ruling classes , the slave masters , Lords , Bishops , Bourgeoisie, with super fruits, riches . <
Ruling classes coerce this exploitation mainly by control of the state power or special repressive apparatus.


In The German Ideology, Marx and Engels implied this elementary anthropological or "human natural" rationale for this conception of class relations determining substantially the shape of society as a whole in a section titled


"History: Fundamental Conditions” , they say: "*life involves before everything else eating and drinking, a habitation, clothing and many other things. The first historical act is thus the production of material life itself. And indeed this is an historical act, a fundamental condition of all history, which today, as thousands of years ago, must daily and hourly be fulfilled merely in order to sustain human life."


Production and economic classes are the starting point of Marxist analysis of human history and society because human life, like all plant and animal life must fulfill biological needs to exist as life at all. It is an appeal to biologic (which I support and imitate , all of the anti-vulgar materialist critiques to the contrary notwithstanding, but that's my other paper). Whatever humans do that is "higher" than plants and animals, we cannot do if we do not first fulfill or plant/animal like needs, physiological necessities.


Marx and Engels define scientific analysis as tracing the materially or objectively _necessary_ connections in a phenomenon. Thus, the scientific understanding of human society must be based in the materially necessary connections of human society. Fulfillment of physiological or biological requirments are the materially necessary "connections" for humans. These biological necessary connections exist in all human societies. But it is only in' class divided‘ society that , as said above, surpluses are extorted from exploited classes by ruling classes by employment and threat of deployment of the forces of destruction and violence, standing bodies of armed men , against the exploited and ruled classes less they disgorge the surplus fruits of their labor to the ruling classes.


For not only is supply of food, shelter, air etc. biologically and materially necessary for living. The _absence_ of being killed or bodily harmed by armed men is materially necessary to live. Thus, the mode of destruction is as central to the necessary connections of human society as the mode of production. The mode of destruction as critical in ruling class coercion and extortion of the ruled classes is a mode of necessity in human society and history. Thus the mode of necessity in human society consists in both the mode of production and the mode of destruction.


On Materialism ( speaking of Mao), there are two levels of the relationship between thought and being: "economics" and "physics". While society remains in the Realm (or kingdom) of Necessity , society during its class divided history, ruling classes control masses by conditioning fulfillment of the _material_ needs of the exploited classes on the exploited classes ' producing surpluses for the ruling , exploiting classes. The materialism (determinism by the material) at this level derives from the coercive use of conditional provision of material needs. In all societies, including those in the Realm (kingdom of ) Freedom ( socialist, communist future and ancient) , all people must , of course, "obey" the laws of physics, chemistry, biology, physiology, objective reality etc. "physics", in the general sense. This is the most fundamental level of materialist theory , most fundamental level of Being.


The "higher" (cultural, semiotic. super-structural, social conditioning traditions, "super”-natural, aesthetic, artistic, customary , aesthetic, religious , etc.) human activities are limited or negatively determined ( See Marshall Sahlins' _Culture and Practical Reason_ on biological limits of culture) by the productive and destructive activities, the activities that produce biological necessities or deprive human biological necessities . Cultural practices that don’t provide necessities will go “extinct”.


However , in human systems of IDEAS, SYMBOLS, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE, because of the arbitrary relation between sign and thing signified a non-necessary connection, there is some lack of basis for science defined as finding necessary connections ( Marx and Engels definition of science) In other words , Arbitrary_ connection is the opposite of _necessary_ connection. This is the sense in which superstructure is not subject to scientific analysis the way that infrastructure is. Idea systems do simulate necessity as rules, such as rules of grammar or cultural rules, including state enforced laws Also in formal logic, "necessary" arises in _modus ponens_, modus tolensor "if-then", if p, then q, q is a necessary > condition of p, i.e.not q,not p. This is arbitrary and abstract necessity.


In the Realm of Necessity, ( Marx and Engels used the term "necessity"here precisely to make the point I am making here) there is a science of human conduct based on the things that human must do, i.e. necessity. As Marx and Engels had to explain to "the Germans" in _The German Ideology_, humans have physiological necessities. In meeting these, there arise scientifically discernable necessary patterns in their behavior

Historical materialism starts with human nature, our human natural species qualities, Feuerbach's "species-being” This is Marx's point in the famous passage in the Intro to the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy concerning social being determining social consciousness "At a certain stage of their development, the material productive forces of society come in conflict with the existing relations of production, or - what is but a legal expression for the same thing -with the property relations within which they have been at work hitherto. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an epoch of social revolution. With the change of the economic foundation the entire immense superstructure is more or less rapidly transformed. In considering such transformations a distinction should always be made between the material transformation of the economic-conditions of production, which can be determined with the precision of natural science, and the legal, political, religious, aesthetic or philosophic - in short, ideological forms in which men become conscious of this conflict and fight it out. Just as our opinion of an individual is not based on what he thinks of himself, so can we not judge such a period of transformation by its own consciousness; on the contrary, this consciousness must be explained rather from the contradictions of material life, from the existing conflict between the social productive forces and the relations of production. " Preface of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy


http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface-abs


The economic conditions may be articulated "with the precision of a natural science" because in that sector of society biological necessities or needs are met, and as discussed above, thereby necessary connections reside. Necessary connections are the business of science.


The rational kernel of the fancy Marxist critique of we vulgar Marxists :

Being determines consciousness, but intermitently ; being determines consciousness discontinuously. ("primarily and ultimately"). Meanwhile, in between time, being and consciousness are reciprocally determiining. Being , in the form of class struggle, determines consciousness in history. However, the revolutions which are the points of determination or fundamental change ( of Hegel’s Idea ) by class struggle are intermittent and rare. Most of the time consciousness or ideology is not changing, is not in a revolutionary state of transformation. Most of the time society is in a status quo, a relative equilibrium , is not changing fundamentally.

This is somewhat analogous to the punctuated equilibrium of Stephen Jay Gould in natural history, with the punctuations being the revolutions when being determines, asserts itself, like the roof falling in periodically asserts the law of gravity, when contradictions reach a crisis. It is the long equilibria that cause the confusion and make people think that consciousness has determined being in history's revolutionary changes, or the idealist error. Also, there is a sense in which consciousness as a system of ideas does determine people's day to day conduct. When an idea grips the masses , it becomes a material force; and lots of ideas grip the masses. In fact , the masses only act based on ideas that grip them. What revolutions do is change the system of ideas that determines peoples' conduct. And only class struggles change systems of ideas or ideologies. This is the fundamental sense of being determines consciousness or part of the theory of historical materialism.


As Marx says "...so can we not judge such a period of transformation by its own consciousness; on the contrary, this consciousness must be explained rather from the contradictions of material life, from the existing conflict between the social productive forces and the relations of production. " " In big historical changes, Necessity is the mother of invention, the mother of revolution. The necessary connections in economy and class structure periodically, though rarely , break through to "invent" a new superstructure , revolutionary ideas. Necessity is the mother of invention, new ideas. Ideology is the stabilizer of convention. Ideologies are formal logics, based on the principle of identity as their first principle. Formal logics are not "self-changing", they abdure contradictions ( non-identity) tend to sustain convention, avoid invention of new principles. This is why we don't think our way to revolution. This is why dialectical logic , with contradiction as its first principle, is rooted in class struggle , reflecting real or material contradictions.

The Second Thesis on Feuerbach - the test of theory is practice . Thus, the most practically reasonable and rational course is for the working class of our era to overthrow capitalism and establish socialism. This would be the optimum for the class self-interest of the working class , collectively and individually in its billions of people. Yet, we are in a lag time, the long lag time of the "equilibrium" before the punctuation of revolution.

Irrational ideas, from the standpoint of the working class as a class - for -itself , ideas in the interest of the Bourgeoisie of many types compete with the rational idea of revolutionary class struggle for gripping the consciousnesses , the billions individual brains of working masses. False consciousness, capitalist ideology is determining being, keeping it stuck in capitalist relations of production.

Do any of the fancy Marxist theories which interrogate the principle of being determines consciousness have solutions to the riddles of the irrational, anti-class self-interest ideologies, systems of ideas and images which are gripping the masses and blinding them to their historic revolutionary mission ? That is a question on consciousness for today's challengers to materialism who also claim to be Marxist in some sense. An even more fundamental understanding of consciousness must come through an augmented Marxist feminism. As the historically constituted class of oppressed and exploited reproductive or caring laborers, the creators of subjects en masse, women have been the uncredited makers of consiousness in history. This is not just in childrearing , although that is obviously important, but in all caring labor which is critical in shaping and repairing the self. This includes housework, for the house or the home is that shelter where the adult self is itself away from work in the capitalist daily geography of the person.Thus, women's liberation and recovery of women's history is fundamental to the science of consciousness.


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/07/for-womens-liberation-comradely.html

Materialism, Necessity and Freedom: Rehearsal of the Fundamentals of Marxism A three act play with beginning, middle and end, and non-dogmatic improvisation. Several vulgar parts . Double materialist determination; there are two levels of determination, in materialism attitude toward the relationship between thought and being: 1)"economics" and 2) "physics". 1)"economics" While society remains in the Realm of Necessity , ruling classes control masses by conditioning fulfillment of the _material_ needs of the exploited classes on the exploited classes ' producing surpluses for the ruling , exploiting classes. The materialism (determinism by the material) at this level derives from the coercive use of conditional provision of material needs.


2) "physics" In all societies, including those in the Realm of Freedom ( socialist, communist future and ancient) , all people must , of course, "obey" the laws of physics, chemistry, biology, physiology, objective reality etc. "physics", in the general sense. The first level above is based in the specific biological necessities of the second level. There is a third level of materialist determination in the Marxist thesis. It is also economic. Marx and Engels (Engels and Marx) claim that history is a history of class struggles.


The answer to the question "Why is history a history of class struggles ?" is the philosophy of historical materialism. Why is it that economic material relationship of exploiting and exploited classes causes the changes which are called "history" ? The alternatives at the time Marx wrote the thesis were especially Great Men in state and economic power and Big Ideas as in Philosophie of Great Men. Marx in wanting to take a scientific approach to the question, looked to necessity upon the theory that science details necessary connections between things. There is no necessity as strict in the realms of ideas or Great Men as the necessity of biology, and by extension the area of economics of material production of minimal life sustaining necessities or Being or Existence . There still must be made an argument as to why and what changes by class struggle determination in the sense that history is a history of class struggles. What changes through the course of history ? If it were the structure of the relationship between classes, then what about tautology ? So, Big Ideas (or Consciousness) and Great Men _types_ change as the change that is history.


However, Being determines consciousness intermittently, rarely in terms of the total time of the many generations of people. Most generations don't experience a fundamental or revolutionary change. And so on the rare, intermittent determinism of the structure of ideas by the Realm proper of Necessity:


http://lists.econ.utah.edu/pipermail/marxism-thaxis/1998-March/007351.html


Although biology only limits us partially in a sense because We human beings have culture (super-natures and natures ) this contradiction between biology and culture is still where it is at in generating universals or big generals.


Being determines consciousness is still a focal rule of thumb (guide to action) for building a universal, real common interests among huge numbers of people, the masses.


My first post-Marx development of species-being is to derive women's liberation organically from historical materialism's premises, as Marx and Engels derive workers' liberation from those species-being historical premises. It is a correction of classical Marxism, but based on Marxsim's own premises.


In ways its too vulgar for pomos and fancy marxists. However, the pomos and their old cousins, Frankfurt school, Gramsci, existentialists, et al. all the fancy marxists have taught us something: being determines consciousness discontinuously, intermittmently, rarely. Through most of the actual time of history ( day-to-day life; quotidien), consciousness and being are reciprocally determining. Only rarely, in revolutions, primarily and ultimately does being utterly determine consciousness. Today, that means that the direct naked appeal to the working class' class self-interest is inadequate in itself-necessary but not sufficient in the formal logical sense -to inspire revolution. That appeal cannot be dropped - the vast majority are working class, wage laborers - but must be complemented with appeals to other consciousness, other consciousness determined by being (race and gender are the main forms ) and consciousness that is determined more by consciousness , religion, television , school, peers . Overall one wants to change the world based on interpreting it, changing it through practical-critical activity, a unity of theory and practice still. Sent from my iPhone


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/blackwellian-critique-abstract-not.html~


Charles Brown


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/09/symbolic-inheritance.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/05/culturally-inherited-adaptations-give.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/genus-homos-darwinian- <


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/09/symbolic-inheritance.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/02/more-leisure-is-homo-sapiens-species.html


Better termed ancestor veneration not wordhip ; Ancestors are not literally immortal like Gods


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/05/identifying-something-with-something-it.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/symboling-is-identifying-something-with.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/04/words-are-little-communisms.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/04/homo-communis.html

http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/07/for-womens-liberation-comradely.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/03/emmeline-pankhurst-revolutionary.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/let-beauties-beautify-you-you-beast.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/remix-of-blackwell-concrete-abstract.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/blackwellian-critique-abstract-not.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/08/darwins-claim-of-superiority-of-men.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/10/cultural-darwinian-adaptations-not.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/03/all-american-socialism.html Socialism with American Characteristics


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/03/theory-of-structure-of-symbols-and.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/12/differentia-specifica-of-human-species.html



http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/04/male-supremacy-greed-and-war-are-not-in.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/10/abolish-fascist-republican-party.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/04/we-must-reverse-reaganism-by-abolishing.htm



http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/05/the-holier-than-thou-left.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-origin-of-society-by-marshall.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/02/anthropological-psychology.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/founding-anthropological-psychology-im.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/09/why-anthropological-psychology.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/belafonte-musician-and-political.html

http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/because-exploited-classes-are-coerced.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/anthropology-test-questions.html

http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/08/overview-of-anthropology-what-is.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/01/declaration-of-independence-declares.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/10/black-and-white-unite-and-fight.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-questions-anthropology-dare-not-ask.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/locus-and-levels-of-material-necessity.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/11/for-people-owning-too-big-to-fail.html


http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/charles-brown-bibliography.html