What are the approaches of anthropologists Leslie White Julian Steward and Marshall Sahlins in the light of cultural evolution? White emphasized the role of energy consumption and efficiency in driving cultural evolution, Steward emphasized the role of environmental adaptation, and Sahlins emphasized the role of material factors such as technology and the economy. <



White's definition of Cultural Evolution should have been defined as or measured by Darwinian Evolution or Species fitness . Darwinian Natural Selection fitness is measured by POPULATION GROWTH OR SHRINKAGE . Cultural Evolution is measured by how cultural innovations and institutions increase or decrease the number of fertile matings and childcarenurturing in the species . Energy consumption and efficiency may contribute to population growth , but is not the ultimate measure of Darwinian evolutinary advance .