3. In which of the following areas is skin color not a determinant of social status? A. Polynesia B. Brazil C. United States D. South Africa How is human variation, such as skin color, distributed across the species? A. there is no variation across the species B. in a homogeneous fashion C. in a continuous fashion D. in a punctuated fashion ANS: C TYPE: Conceptual PG: 141 4. In what period did European scholars first begin a systematic study of human variation? A. 19th/20th centuries B. 16th/17th centuries C. 15th century D. 18th/19th centuries ANS: D TYPE: Factual PG: 141 Blumenbach argued that degeneration of human types was caused by: A. interracial marriage B. striving to be different from one's group of origin C. changes in skull types D. migrating from one's place of origin ANS: D TYPE: Conceptual PG: 142 6. What scientist did measurements on skulls to attempt to demonstrate biological superiority of specific groups? A. Johann Blumenbach B. Ashley Montagu C. Carolus Linnaeus D. Samuel Morton ANS: A TYPE: Factual PG: 142 The book, On the Natural Variety of Mankind, formally proposes a notion of: A. race as a social myth B. human racial adaptation C. relative human equality D. a hierarchy of human types ANS: D TYPE: Applied PG: 142 For Blumenbach, the term "Malay" included: A. Europeans and Asians B. Pacific islanders and Sicilians C. indigenous Australians and Pacific islanders D. Europeans and indigenous Australians ANS: C TYPE: Applied PG: 142 Ota Benga, an human being, was exhibited at the Bronx Zoo with a/an: A. orangutan B. gibbon C. gorilla D. chimpanzee Why was Ota Benga first brought to the United States? A. to be exhibited at the New York Cultural Museum B. to be exhibited at the Museum of Natural History C. to be housed in the Bronx Zoo D. to be exhibited at the 1904 World's Fair ANS: D TYPE: Conceptual PG: 143 What happened to Ota Benga? A. he was sent back to Africa B. he died in the Bronx Zoo of a heart attack C. he was attacked by wild animals at the Bronx Zoo D. he committed suicide ANS: D TYPE: Factual PG: 143 Which individual, as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, did the most to combat racism in the United States? A. Franz Boas B. Carolus Linnaeus C. Ashley Montagu D. Samuel Morton ANS: A TYPE: Conceptual PG: 143-144 All of the following are true statements except: A. the majority of genetic variation exists within groups B. no one group is genetically distinct for any particular trait C. differences between individual populations is greater than that between individuals D. racial categories tend to be devised in an arbitrary manner ANS: C TYPE Broadly defined "racial" groups differ from one another in what percent of their genes? A. 5% B. 11% C. 1% D. 7% ANS: D TYPE: Factual PG: 144 To understand why the racial approach to human variation has been so unproductive and damaging, we must first understand: A. how skin color leads to real differences in people B. how human origins led to different races C. how biology and genetics help us understand variation D. how culture is correct in creating categories ANS: C TYPE: Factual PG: 144