The concept of CRITICISM - SELF-CRITICISM was first introduced by Joseph Stalin in his 1924 work The Foundations of Leninism[2] and later expanded upon in his 1928 work Against Vulgarising the Slogan of Self-Criticism.[3] The Marxist concept of self-criticism is also present in the works of Mao Zedong, who dedicates an entire chapter of The Little Red Book to the issue. Accordingly, many party members who had fallen out of favor with the nomenklatura were forced to undergo self-criticism sessions, producing either written or verbal statements detailing their ideological errors and affirming their renewed belief in the party line.