anthropology 152 Lecture 5– 9/28/22 Essential characteristics of culture and language in the anthropological sense are: 1) CULTURE human _acts_ following rules and pursuing purposes. Rules and purposes can be expressed IN WORDS, SENTENCES, PARAGRAPHS, etc. (symbolic signs). A specific Culture is learned; it is not genetic, not instinctive; it is learned from other people, especially previous generations (shared). (A specific culture or language is learned. The capacity of a brain to learn them _is_ genetically based and unique to human’s genes). 2) All culture can be represented in language. Language is critical in teaching culture. 3) All language is culture; _but_ not all culture is language; that is , language is a form of culture. 4) ACTS are _bodily_ action, activity, motion, behavior. Post-Darwin Evolutionary Synthesis – Darwin plus 2 A) Darwin had two parts and lacked two parts ; he had: 1) Natural Selection (page 46 of text ) 2) Phylogeny/Tree of Life: All lifeforms/species are related to all other life/forms species through common ancestral species on the Tree of Life. 3) In other words, there is descent ( actually ascent on the tree of life) through reproduction. Species exist in multiple generations ( parent-children….) of individual organisms or Selves. Descent and modification of new generations by Natural Selection; the fittest have there genotypes passed on to progeny generations. The fittest modifications or changes are selected for from among a _variety_ of types in the species. And the fittest are those genotypes/phenotypes _inherited_ by the next generations. B) Darwin lacked : 1) a theory of Inheritance ; and a theory of how variety of genotypes arises within a species (page 35 of the text) C) DNA discovered in the 1950’s provided the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis with correct theories of inheritance and variety (pages 35 -46 of text).