Sunday, October 25, 2026
All the 34 % who are still MAGA care about is deporting and attacking Browns and Blacks and Yellow, so as to retain white dominated elections . It’s a white race riot by Barbarian Americans since 2024 election constantly incited by the Republican Prez . <
Since the beginning of America , maintaining a white _majority_ population dominating economically and socially and oppressing Red, Black, Brown , Yellow people is the main determining factor for elections. Since Reagan this is the source of Republican votes . <
<
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/04/httptake10charles_2.html<
KEEPING a white majority population is the main determinant of American political positions since the founding of America, the great white hope Centrality of race in shaping American political national character< • <
@charlesbrown1365 • Os ago Concern about Biden's age was not that he's incompetent but that if he dies the President would be a Black Woman. <
Underlying this anti- general contraception, anti- abortion and anti-homosexual Republican position is concern that these contraceptives effect lowering of white birth rate. <
Keeping a white majority population is the main determinant of American politics from the beginning of America; as these two current examples demonstrate. < <
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/blog-post_366.html
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/black-unemployment-rate-twice-white.html<
<
LECTURE 2 ON RACE By Prof Brown In most categories measuring the quantity and quality of life – life expectancy, wealth, employment, disease, educational attainment, quality of neighborhood , and others - Black people are statistically or on average “inferior” to white people. That doesn’t mean every white person has a longer life than every Black person , but rather on average it is so; same with the other categories mentioned. HOWEVER, THIS IS NOT DUE TO ANY INHERENT OR BIOLOGICAL OR MORAL OR CULTURAL INFERIORITY OF BLACK PEOPLE. RATHER IT IS THE RESULT OF GENERATIONS OF WHITE SUPREMACIST ENSLAVEMENT, JIM CROW ANDD REAGANITE OPPRESSION AND EXPLOITATION OF BLACK PEOPLE, IT IS UNJUST LY ND ILLEGITIMATELY SEIZED WHITE “SUPREMACY”, WHITE MORAL INFERIORITY Following are articles on the life expectancy and wealth statistics. LIFE EXPECTANCY At birth, AIAN and Black people had a shorter life expectancy compared to White people, and AIAN, Hispanic, and Black people experienced larger declines in life expectancy than White people between 2019 and 2021. Life expectancy at birth represents the average number of years a group of infants would live if they were to experience throughout life the age-specific death rates prevailing during a specified period. Provisional data from 2021 show that overall life expectancy across all racial/ethnic groups was 76.1 years (Figure 14). Life expectancy for Black people was only 70.8 years compared to 76.4 years for White people and 77.7 years for Hispanic people. It was highest for Asian people at 83.5 years and lowest for AIAN people who had a life expectancy of 65.2 years. Life expectancies were even lower for Black and AIAN males, at 66.7 and 61.5 years, respectively. Data were not available for NHOPI people. Overall life expectancy declined by 2.7 years between 2019 and 2021, with AIAN people experiencing the largest life expectancy decline of 6.6 years, followed by Hispanic and Black people (4.2 and 4.0 years, respectively), and a smaller decline of 2.4 years for White people. Asian people had the smallest decline in life expectancy of 2.1 years between 2019 and 2021. These declines largely reflect an increase in excess deaths due to COVID-19, which disproportionately impacted Black, Hispanic, and AIAN people. https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/report/key-data-on-health-and-health-care-by-race-and-ethnicity/#:~:text=Provisional%20data%20from%202021%20show,77.7%20years%20for%20Hispanic%20people. The Lancet: Disparities in life expectancy persist among racial and ethnic groups across the US New study offers the first comprehensive, county-level life expectancy estimates in the US and highlights important differences among racial and ethnic groups. The analysis reveals that despite overall life expectancy gains of 2.3 years (from 76.8 years in 2000 to 79.1 years in 2019) during the 20-year study period (2000–2019), disparities among racial and ethnic groups remain, with Black populations still experiencing shorter life expectancy than White populations. Life expectancy among the American Indian/Alaska Native population did not improve during the study period. During the last 10 years of the study (2010–2019), life expectancy growth was stagnant across all races and ethnicities, setting the stage for declines in life expectancy that have been reported since the COVID-19 pandemic. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s interactive data visualization tool shows the life expectancy trends by racial and ethnic group in 3,110 counties in the 20-year span of the study. How the racial wealth gap has evolved—and why it persists New dataset identifies the causes of today’s wealth gap October 3, 2022 AUTHORLisa Camner McKayWriter/Analyst, Institute Jake MacDonald/Minneapolis Fed Article Highlights New dataset tracks evolution of racial wealth gap from 1860 to 2020 Racial wealth gap today is legacy of vastly unequal wealth for Black and White Americans following Civil War Racial wealth gap has been stagnant for last 40 years due to differences in Black and White households’ wealth portfolios How the racial wealth gap has evolved—and why it persists “He felt his poverty; without a cent, without a home, without land, tools, or savings, he had entered into competition with rich, landed, skilled neighbors. To be a poor man is hard, but to be a poor race in a land of dollars is the very bottom of hardships.” —W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk The dawn of emancipation in the United States saw 4 million former slaves, 90 percent of the Black American population, gain their freedom. But they did so in poverty, as Du Bois describes: A few years prior, they had been counted as wealth, earning and owning nothing in their own name. After emancipation, proposals to provide former slaves with land so they could survive economically were largely defeated. Thus in 1870, the wealth gap between Black and White Americans was a staggering 23 to 1. That's equivalent to just $4 of wealth for Black Americans for every $100 for White Americans. “We wanted to see if there was something to be learned for policy: Do we see that certain periods were particularly good, particularly bad in terms of convergence? What conclusions can we draw from that?” —MORITZ KUHN Fast forward 150 years and that gap has narrowed to about 6 to 1—and yet, a significant gap remains: average per capita wealth of White Americans was $338,093 in 2019 but only $60,126 for Black Americans. In the new Institute working paper “Wealth of Two Nations: The U.S. Racial Wealth Gap, 1860–2020,” former Institute visiting scholar Ellora Derenoncourt and colleagues Chi Hyun Kim, Moritz Kuhn, and Moritz Schularick study the evolution of the Black-White racial wealth gap to understand how it has changed and what forces drove those changes. “We wanted to see if there was something to be learned for policy: Do we see that certain periods were particularly good, particularly bad in terms of convergence? What conclusions can we draw from that?” Kuhn said about one motivation the author team had for undertaking the research. Drawing on numerous historical resources, the economists construct a new dataset that fills in around 100 years of missing wealth data, from the 1880s to the 1980s, when modern surveys of wealth began. They then use a model of wealth accumulation to investigate the sources of the wealth gap. So where does wealth come from? Yesterday’s wealth, mostly. Unlike income, which can change quickly—lose a job, take a new job—wealth builds slowly from interest on previous wealth and new savings from income. For that reason, “it takes a lot of time to build wealth and to close an existing wealth gap, especially if the world around you is not stopping to accumulate wealth,” Kuhn said. The economists’ analysis suggests that, more than 150 years after the end of slavery, today’s racial wealth gap is the legacy of very different wealth conditions after emancipation. While the White-Black income gap has narrowed over time, differences in Black and White Americans’ capital gains rates and savings rates throughout history have slowed the convergence (closing the gap) between Black and White wealth. The result: An enduring wealth gap that shows no sign of resolving. “It was interesting for us to see how extremely persistent the racial wealth gap is. We saw a lot of things changing in the U.S. economy in the last 70 years, but the racial wealth gap seems to be pretty ignorant of all that,” Kuhn observed. Evolution of the racial wealth gap Tracing 150 years of the racial wealth gap1 reveals rapid early progress followed by frustrating stagnation (Figure 1). Dawn of emancipation: 1870 to 1900 The thirty years following emancipation saw rapid narrowing of the racial wealth gap, falling from a ratio of 56 to 1 in 1860 on the eve of the Civil War to 23 to 1 in 1870 following emancipation and 11 to 1 in 1900. (In 2019 dollars, that comes to average wealth of $34,000 for a White American and $3,100 for a Black American.) White slaveholders’ loss of slaves as “wealth” explains about a quarter of this convergence. The rest was due to a higher wealth accumulation rate for Black Americans than White Americans. This convergence, however, is more a matter of statistics than reflection of meaningful economic or political change. Because Black Americans’ wealth was so low in 1870, even small gains translated to big percent increases in wealth and thus large reductions in the wealth gap, even though the difference in the amount of average wealth held by Black Americans and White Americans remained large. Unfortunately, an early period of rapid wealth convergence was relatively short lived. Proposals to redistribute property to former slaves ultimately failed, and early enforcement of Black Americans’ rights were similarly reversed. Unfortunately, this period of rapid convergence was relatively short-lived. Proposals to redistribute property to former slaves, such as General William Sherman’s field order allowing freed slaves to establish 40-acre farms on federal land, ultimately failed to garner sufficient political support, and early enforcement of Black Americans’ rights were similarly reversed. By 1900, a racist economic and social order was largely restored. Racist resurgence: 1900 to 1930 Between 1900 and 1930, the racial wealth gap narrowed tepidly, at a rate around 0.3 percent a year. During this period, Black Americans’ share of national wealth stayed fairly constant, at 1 percent (Figure 2). “Barriers to Black economic progress were pervasive in the post-Reconstruction era,” the economists observe. For instance, Black Americans had limited access to financial institutions or credit; they had little opportunity to purchase land; they experienced the violent destruction of their property; they faced widespread discrimination in education and the labor market. In the South, the vast majority of Black farmers were renters or sharecroppers in an economic system that hindered Black workers’ economic progress because White landlords were able to capture their tenants’ improvements to the land simply by not renewing the lease. Global upheaval: 1930 to 1960 Wealth convergence picked back up modestly during this period, and by 1960 the gap was 8 to 1. (In 2019 dollars, that translates to average wealth of $76,000 for White Americans and $9,000 for Black Americans.) A closer look at the timing reveals this does not appear to be the result of New Deal economic relief or new social insurance policies, which tended to exclude sectors with large representations of Black workers. Rather, labor market dynamics around the time of World War II led to Black workers moving into higher-paying occupations, notably related to war production and defense, which reduced the racial income gap and led to greater gains in Black Americans’ wealth. This movement was facilitated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Executive Order 8802, which banned “discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin.” Civil rights: 1960 to 1980 The civil rights movement was responsible for the fastest period of racial wealth convergence since 1900. Tireless efforts by Black activists to demand equal rights and protections led to the passage of numerous laws that reduced social, political, and economic discrimination, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Fair Housing Act of 1968, and expansions to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which sets federal minimum wage policies. These legislations helped narrow the racial income gap, which in turn narrowed the wealth gap; it fell from 8 to 1 in 1960 to 5 to 1 in 1980. Figure 2 shows that Black Americans’ share of national wealth started increasing more rapidly in 1960 even as the total U.S. population of Black Americans was also increasing. Stagnation: 1980 to 2020 And then—convergence stopped. In the 40 years between 1980 and 2020, the racial wealth gap actually increased by the equivalent of 0.1 percent a year. The reasons for this stagnation are discussed in the section “A widening gap: The role of capital gains” below. Unequal initial wealth, unequal wealth accumulation The next step in the economists' research is to analyze the causes of the racial wealth gap. To do this, they engage in a thought experiment: What if Black and White Americans started with the radically different levels of wealth in 1870 that they did in real life, but their wealth accumulation rates were identical after that? The resulting wealth gap in 2020 would be about 3 to 1 ($100 dollars of White wealth for every $33 dollars of Black wealth). That’s about half of what the actual wealth gap is today, suggesting that unequal levels of wealth in 1870 are a major source of today’s racial wealth gap. The fact that today’s racial wealth gap is larger than it would be under this optimistic scenario is due to unequal wealth accumulation rates, which of course haven’t been identical for White and Black Americans, as the brief history above of political and economic exclusion makes plain. Wealth accumulation can be described as a fairly straightforward equation. It starts with yesterday’s wealth and the interest earned on that wealth (capital gains rate). Add to that new savings from income, which is the product of yesterday’s income level, how much income has changed (income growth rate), and how much of that income is saved (savings rate). While historical data on these rates is difficult to come by, since at least 1950, White Americans have enjoyed a higher average savings rate and capital gains rate than Black Americans (see Table 1). Table 1. White and Black Americans' savings and capital gains rates Source: Derenoncourt, Kim, Kuhn, and Schularick, “Wealth of Two Nations: The U.S. Racial Wealth Gap, 1860-2020.” White Americans (%) Black Americans (%) Average savings rate 5.0 3.9 Average capital gains rate 1.0 0.8 What drove wealth convergence, then? The income growth rate. The economists estimate that the average annual income growth rate for Black Americans was larger than that of White Americans from 1870 to about 1980. At that point, income convergence stalled; over the last 40 years, the annual income growth rates for Black and White Americans have been essentially the same. A widening gap: The role of capital gains Now that income convergence has stalled, the difference in the capital gains rate experienced by Black and White households is the main factor pushing their wealth apart. The role of capital gains is particularly important here. The high rate of return to capital holdings over the last 40 years—economic parlance for “stocks have really gone up a lot”—is a leading cause of the wealth dispersion in the United States today. According to analysis by economist Emmanuel Saez and others, wealth has become significantly more concentrated during this period: In 1980, the richest 0.1 percent of Americans—about 160,000 households—owned 7.7 percent of national wealth. In 2020, they owned 18.5 percent. “Given that there are so few Black households at the top of the wealth distribution,” Derenoncourt and co-authors write, “faster growth in wealth at the top will lead to further increases in racial wealth inequality.” And that’s what’s happening now. On average between 1950 and 2010, Black households held about 7 percent of their wealth in stock equity; among White households, it was 18 percent (Table 2). The portfolios of White households are also more diversified than Black households, which are concentrated in housing wealth. Housing has appreciated since the 1950s, but stock equity has appreciated five times as much. Table 2. White and Black households' wealth portfolio composition Note: Equity refers to wealth in stocks and mutual funds. Liquid assets include cash, checking accounts, and savings accounts. Other nonfinancial assets include household items like cars or boats. Source: Survey of Consumer Finances 2019 and calculations by Derenoncourt, Kim, Kuhn, and Schularick. White households (%) Black households (%) Housing 38 59 Business 24 13 Equity 18 7 Liquid assets 17 13 Other nonfinancial assets 3 8 “At a more general level,” Kuhn stated, “this research emphasizes how important portfolio choice and investment behavior is. It’s not only about putting money aside, but where you put it.”
Since the beginning of America , maintaining a white _majority_ population dominating economically and socially and oppressing Red, Black, Brown , Yellow people is the main determining factor for elections. Since Reagan this is the source of Republican votes . <
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/04/httptake10charles_2.html<
KEEPING a white majority population is the main determinant of American political positions since the founding of America, the great white hope Centrality of race in shaping American political national character< • <
@charlesbrown1365 • Os ago Concern about Biden's age was not that he's incompetent but that if he dies the President would be a Black Woman. <
Underlying this anti- general contraception, anti- abortion and anti-homosexual Republican position is concern that these contraceptives effect lowering of white birth rate. <
Keeping a white majority population is the main determinant of American politics from the beginning of America; as these two current examples demonstrate. < <
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/blog-post_366.html
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/black-unemployment-rate-twice-white.html<
<
LECTURE 2 ON RACE By Prof Brown In most categories measuring the quantity and quality of life – life expectancy, wealth, employment, disease, educational attainment, quality of neighborhood , and others - Black people are statistically or on average “inferior” to white people. That doesn’t mean every white person has a longer life than every Black person , but rather on average it is so; same with the other categories mentioned. HOWEVER, THIS IS NOT DUE TO ANY INHERENT OR BIOLOGICAL OR MORAL OR CULTURAL INFERIORITY OF BLACK PEOPLE. RATHER IT IS THE RESULT OF GENERATIONS OF WHITE SUPREMACIST ENSLAVEMENT, JIM CROW ANDD REAGANITE OPPRESSION AND EXPLOITATION OF BLACK PEOPLE, IT IS UNJUST LY ND ILLEGITIMATELY SEIZED WHITE “SUPREMACY”, WHITE MORAL INFERIORITY Following are articles on the life expectancy and wealth statistics. LIFE EXPECTANCY At birth, AIAN and Black people had a shorter life expectancy compared to White people, and AIAN, Hispanic, and Black people experienced larger declines in life expectancy than White people between 2019 and 2021. Life expectancy at birth represents the average number of years a group of infants would live if they were to experience throughout life the age-specific death rates prevailing during a specified period. Provisional data from 2021 show that overall life expectancy across all racial/ethnic groups was 76.1 years (Figure 14). Life expectancy for Black people was only 70.8 years compared to 76.4 years for White people and 77.7 years for Hispanic people. It was highest for Asian people at 83.5 years and lowest for AIAN people who had a life expectancy of 65.2 years. Life expectancies were even lower for Black and AIAN males, at 66.7 and 61.5 years, respectively. Data were not available for NHOPI people. Overall life expectancy declined by 2.7 years between 2019 and 2021, with AIAN people experiencing the largest life expectancy decline of 6.6 years, followed by Hispanic and Black people (4.2 and 4.0 years, respectively), and a smaller decline of 2.4 years for White people. Asian people had the smallest decline in life expectancy of 2.1 years between 2019 and 2021. These declines largely reflect an increase in excess deaths due to COVID-19, which disproportionately impacted Black, Hispanic, and AIAN people. https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/report/key-data-on-health-and-health-care-by-race-and-ethnicity/#:~:text=Provisional%20data%20from%202021%20show,77.7%20years%20for%20Hispanic%20people. The Lancet: Disparities in life expectancy persist among racial and ethnic groups across the US New study offers the first comprehensive, county-level life expectancy estimates in the US and highlights important differences among racial and ethnic groups. The analysis reveals that despite overall life expectancy gains of 2.3 years (from 76.8 years in 2000 to 79.1 years in 2019) during the 20-year study period (2000–2019), disparities among racial and ethnic groups remain, with Black populations still experiencing shorter life expectancy than White populations. Life expectancy among the American Indian/Alaska Native population did not improve during the study period. During the last 10 years of the study (2010–2019), life expectancy growth was stagnant across all races and ethnicities, setting the stage for declines in life expectancy that have been reported since the COVID-19 pandemic. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s interactive data visualization tool shows the life expectancy trends by racial and ethnic group in 3,110 counties in the 20-year span of the study. How the racial wealth gap has evolved—and why it persists New dataset identifies the causes of today’s wealth gap October 3, 2022 AUTHORLisa Camner McKayWriter/Analyst, Institute Jake MacDonald/Minneapolis Fed Article Highlights New dataset tracks evolution of racial wealth gap from 1860 to 2020 Racial wealth gap today is legacy of vastly unequal wealth for Black and White Americans following Civil War Racial wealth gap has been stagnant for last 40 years due to differences in Black and White households’ wealth portfolios How the racial wealth gap has evolved—and why it persists “He felt his poverty; without a cent, without a home, without land, tools, or savings, he had entered into competition with rich, landed, skilled neighbors. To be a poor man is hard, but to be a poor race in a land of dollars is the very bottom of hardships.” —W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk The dawn of emancipation in the United States saw 4 million former slaves, 90 percent of the Black American population, gain their freedom. But they did so in poverty, as Du Bois describes: A few years prior, they had been counted as wealth, earning and owning nothing in their own name. After emancipation, proposals to provide former slaves with land so they could survive economically were largely defeated. Thus in 1870, the wealth gap between Black and White Americans was a staggering 23 to 1. That's equivalent to just $4 of wealth for Black Americans for every $100 for White Americans. “We wanted to see if there was something to be learned for policy: Do we see that certain periods were particularly good, particularly bad in terms of convergence? What conclusions can we draw from that?” —MORITZ KUHN Fast forward 150 years and that gap has narrowed to about 6 to 1—and yet, a significant gap remains: average per capita wealth of White Americans was $338,093 in 2019 but only $60,126 for Black Americans. In the new Institute working paper “Wealth of Two Nations: The U.S. Racial Wealth Gap, 1860–2020,” former Institute visiting scholar Ellora Derenoncourt and colleagues Chi Hyun Kim, Moritz Kuhn, and Moritz Schularick study the evolution of the Black-White racial wealth gap to understand how it has changed and what forces drove those changes. “We wanted to see if there was something to be learned for policy: Do we see that certain periods were particularly good, particularly bad in terms of convergence? What conclusions can we draw from that?” Kuhn said about one motivation the author team had for undertaking the research. Drawing on numerous historical resources, the economists construct a new dataset that fills in around 100 years of missing wealth data, from the 1880s to the 1980s, when modern surveys of wealth began. They then use a model of wealth accumulation to investigate the sources of the wealth gap. So where does wealth come from? Yesterday’s wealth, mostly. Unlike income, which can change quickly—lose a job, take a new job—wealth builds slowly from interest on previous wealth and new savings from income. For that reason, “it takes a lot of time to build wealth and to close an existing wealth gap, especially if the world around you is not stopping to accumulate wealth,” Kuhn said. The economists’ analysis suggests that, more than 150 years after the end of slavery, today’s racial wealth gap is the legacy of very different wealth conditions after emancipation. While the White-Black income gap has narrowed over time, differences in Black and White Americans’ capital gains rates and savings rates throughout history have slowed the convergence (closing the gap) between Black and White wealth. The result: An enduring wealth gap that shows no sign of resolving. “It was interesting for us to see how extremely persistent the racial wealth gap is. We saw a lot of things changing in the U.S. economy in the last 70 years, but the racial wealth gap seems to be pretty ignorant of all that,” Kuhn observed. Evolution of the racial wealth gap Tracing 150 years of the racial wealth gap1 reveals rapid early progress followed by frustrating stagnation (Figure 1). Dawn of emancipation: 1870 to 1900 The thirty years following emancipation saw rapid narrowing of the racial wealth gap, falling from a ratio of 56 to 1 in 1860 on the eve of the Civil War to 23 to 1 in 1870 following emancipation and 11 to 1 in 1900. (In 2019 dollars, that comes to average wealth of $34,000 for a White American and $3,100 for a Black American.) White slaveholders’ loss of slaves as “wealth” explains about a quarter of this convergence. The rest was due to a higher wealth accumulation rate for Black Americans than White Americans. This convergence, however, is more a matter of statistics than reflection of meaningful economic or political change. Because Black Americans’ wealth was so low in 1870, even small gains translated to big percent increases in wealth and thus large reductions in the wealth gap, even though the difference in the amount of average wealth held by Black Americans and White Americans remained large. Unfortunately, an early period of rapid wealth convergence was relatively short lived. Proposals to redistribute property to former slaves ultimately failed, and early enforcement of Black Americans’ rights were similarly reversed. Unfortunately, this period of rapid convergence was relatively short-lived. Proposals to redistribute property to former slaves, such as General William Sherman’s field order allowing freed slaves to establish 40-acre farms on federal land, ultimately failed to garner sufficient political support, and early enforcement of Black Americans’ rights were similarly reversed. By 1900, a racist economic and social order was largely restored. Racist resurgence: 1900 to 1930 Between 1900 and 1930, the racial wealth gap narrowed tepidly, at a rate around 0.3 percent a year. During this period, Black Americans’ share of national wealth stayed fairly constant, at 1 percent (Figure 2). “Barriers to Black economic progress were pervasive in the post-Reconstruction era,” the economists observe. For instance, Black Americans had limited access to financial institutions or credit; they had little opportunity to purchase land; they experienced the violent destruction of their property; they faced widespread discrimination in education and the labor market. In the South, the vast majority of Black farmers were renters or sharecroppers in an economic system that hindered Black workers’ economic progress because White landlords were able to capture their tenants’ improvements to the land simply by not renewing the lease. Global upheaval: 1930 to 1960 Wealth convergence picked back up modestly during this period, and by 1960 the gap was 8 to 1. (In 2019 dollars, that translates to average wealth of $76,000 for White Americans and $9,000 for Black Americans.) A closer look at the timing reveals this does not appear to be the result of New Deal economic relief or new social insurance policies, which tended to exclude sectors with large representations of Black workers. Rather, labor market dynamics around the time of World War II led to Black workers moving into higher-paying occupations, notably related to war production and defense, which reduced the racial income gap and led to greater gains in Black Americans’ wealth. This movement was facilitated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Executive Order 8802, which banned “discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin.” Civil rights: 1960 to 1980 The civil rights movement was responsible for the fastest period of racial wealth convergence since 1900. Tireless efforts by Black activists to demand equal rights and protections led to the passage of numerous laws that reduced social, political, and economic discrimination, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Fair Housing Act of 1968, and expansions to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which sets federal minimum wage policies. These legislations helped narrow the racial income gap, which in turn narrowed the wealth gap; it fell from 8 to 1 in 1960 to 5 to 1 in 1980. Figure 2 shows that Black Americans’ share of national wealth started increasing more rapidly in 1960 even as the total U.S. population of Black Americans was also increasing. Stagnation: 1980 to 2020 And then—convergence stopped. In the 40 years between 1980 and 2020, the racial wealth gap actually increased by the equivalent of 0.1 percent a year. The reasons for this stagnation are discussed in the section “A widening gap: The role of capital gains” below. Unequal initial wealth, unequal wealth accumulation The next step in the economists' research is to analyze the causes of the racial wealth gap. To do this, they engage in a thought experiment: What if Black and White Americans started with the radically different levels of wealth in 1870 that they did in real life, but their wealth accumulation rates were identical after that? The resulting wealth gap in 2020 would be about 3 to 1 ($100 dollars of White wealth for every $33 dollars of Black wealth). That’s about half of what the actual wealth gap is today, suggesting that unequal levels of wealth in 1870 are a major source of today’s racial wealth gap. The fact that today’s racial wealth gap is larger than it would be under this optimistic scenario is due to unequal wealth accumulation rates, which of course haven’t been identical for White and Black Americans, as the brief history above of political and economic exclusion makes plain. Wealth accumulation can be described as a fairly straightforward equation. It starts with yesterday’s wealth and the interest earned on that wealth (capital gains rate). Add to that new savings from income, which is the product of yesterday’s income level, how much income has changed (income growth rate), and how much of that income is saved (savings rate). While historical data on these rates is difficult to come by, since at least 1950, White Americans have enjoyed a higher average savings rate and capital gains rate than Black Americans (see Table 1). Table 1. White and Black Americans' savings and capital gains rates Source: Derenoncourt, Kim, Kuhn, and Schularick, “Wealth of Two Nations: The U.S. Racial Wealth Gap, 1860-2020.” White Americans (%) Black Americans (%) Average savings rate 5.0 3.9 Average capital gains rate 1.0 0.8 What drove wealth convergence, then? The income growth rate. The economists estimate that the average annual income growth rate for Black Americans was larger than that of White Americans from 1870 to about 1980. At that point, income convergence stalled; over the last 40 years, the annual income growth rates for Black and White Americans have been essentially the same. A widening gap: The role of capital gains Now that income convergence has stalled, the difference in the capital gains rate experienced by Black and White households is the main factor pushing their wealth apart. The role of capital gains is particularly important here. The high rate of return to capital holdings over the last 40 years—economic parlance for “stocks have really gone up a lot”—is a leading cause of the wealth dispersion in the United States today. According to analysis by economist Emmanuel Saez and others, wealth has become significantly more concentrated during this period: In 1980, the richest 0.1 percent of Americans—about 160,000 households—owned 7.7 percent of national wealth. In 2020, they owned 18.5 percent. “Given that there are so few Black households at the top of the wealth distribution,” Derenoncourt and co-authors write, “faster growth in wealth at the top will lead to further increases in racial wealth inequality.” And that’s what’s happening now. On average between 1950 and 2010, Black households held about 7 percent of their wealth in stock equity; among White households, it was 18 percent (Table 2). The portfolios of White households are also more diversified than Black households, which are concentrated in housing wealth. Housing has appreciated since the 1950s, but stock equity has appreciated five times as much. Table 2. White and Black households' wealth portfolio composition Note: Equity refers to wealth in stocks and mutual funds. Liquid assets include cash, checking accounts, and savings accounts. Other nonfinancial assets include household items like cars or boats. Source: Survey of Consumer Finances 2019 and calculations by Derenoncourt, Kim, Kuhn, and Schularick. White households (%) Black households (%) Housing 38 59 Business 24 13 Equity 18 7 Liquid assets 17 13 Other nonfinancial assets 3 8 “At a more general level,” Kuhn stated, “this research emphasizes how important portfolio choice and investment behavior is. It’s not only about putting money aside, but where you put it.”
Saturday, October 24, 2026
what is an outline of Marshall Sahlins book _ The uses and abuses of biology _ ? Marshall Sahlins's 1976 book The Use and Abuse of Biology: An Anthropological Critique of Sociobiology is a foundational counter- argument against the reduction of human social behavior to genetic evolution.
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+an+outline+of+Marshall+Sahlins+book+_The+uses+and+abuses+of+bioloogy+_+%3F&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en-us&client=safari&iga=1&utm_campaign=safari_share_1
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2022/03/leslie-white-founded-evolutionary.html<
https://youtu.be/bPLD3hSTDeI?si=o6LVsaGM0asgkvXq<
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Charles, in-person early voting for the Nov. 3rd election has started! Public records show you voted in both 2022 and 2024. Make sure your voice is heard in 2026! Check the official government website to choose a time and location that works for you: https://www.michigan.gov/sos/elections/voting/early-in-person-voting -Vote Up Stop to end
Charles, in-person early voting for the Nov. 3rd election has started! Public records show you voted in both 2022 and 2024. Make sure your voice is heard in 2026! Check the official government website to choose a time and location that works for you: https://www.michigan.gov/sos/elections/voting/early-in-person-voting -Vote Up Stop to end
Charles Brown bibliography http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/09/symbolic-inheritance.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/05/culturally-inherited-adaptations-give.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/genus-homos-darwinian-adaptive.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/09/symbolic-inheritance.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/02/more-leisure-is-homo-sapiens-species.html Better termed ancestor veneration: http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/ancestor-worship-original-culture-and.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/05/identifying-something-with-something-it.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/symboling-is-identifying-something-with.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/04/words-are-little-communisms.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/04/homo-communis.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/07/for-womens-liberation-comradely.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/03/emmeline-pankhurst-revolutionary.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/let-beauties-beautify-you-you-beast.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/remix-of-blackwell-concrete-abstract.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/blackwellian-critique-abstract-not.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/08/darwins-claim-of-superiority-of-men.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/10/cultural-darwinian-adaptations-not.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/03/all-american-socialism.html Socialism with American Characteristics http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2021/03/theory-of-structure-of-symbols-and.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/12/differentia-specifica-of-human-species.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/04/male-supremacy-greed-and-war-are-not-in.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/10/abolish-fascist-republican-party.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/04/we-must-reverse-reaganism-by-abolishing.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/05/the-holier-than-thou-left.html Never heard Sahlins refer to this in 50 years I followed him : http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-origin-of-society-by-marshall.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2020/02/anthropological-psychology.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/founding-anthropological-psychology-im.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/09/why-anthropological-psychology.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/belafonte-musician-and-political.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/because-exploited-classes-are-coerced.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2019/03/anthropology-test-questions.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/08/overview-of-anthropology-what-is.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2018/01/declaration-of-independence-declares.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/10/black-and-white-unite-and-fight.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-questions-anthropology-dare-not-ask.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2017/01/locus-and-levels-of-material-necessity.html http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/11/for-people-owning-too-big-to-fail.html
Hi Charles,
This is Detroit City Clerk Janice Winfrey. Detroit has a crucial election on November 3, but voting has already started in the city! Today, early voting is kicking off across Detroit at 8 different early vote centers. Each early vote center will be open today through Sunday, November 1 from 9:00am to 5:00pm.
You can find the early vote center closest to you at https://detroitvotes.org/early/#early
When you vote at an early vote center, you’ll feed your completed ballot into a vote tabulator and see your vote counted in real time, just like you do on Election Day!
You can also learn more about your other options for voting, including how to vote from home or on Election Day. Visit: detroitvotes.org
No matter which choice you pick, make sure your voice is heard.
– Detroit City Clerk Janice Winfrey
Reply STOP to stop.
France Protest: French CGT labour union leader
Sophie Binet and Olivier Faure, First Secretary of the French Socialist Party attend a demonstration against "racism, fascism, and imperialism" as the French far-right Rassemblement National (National Rally, RN) party holds its congress in Orleans, France, October 24, 2026.
LIVE: https://youtube.com/live/3_K_RsiKuqQ?.
<
https://www.youtube.com/live/3_K_RsiKuqQ?si=HVDotBJmIoHXv0sA
Paris unrest - Huge protests return after week of curfews, chaos, looting, riots Oct 24 2026 Live from Paris on Saturday, October 24, as demonstrators return to the streets after chaos, riots, looting and curfews across France - and right across Europe too. Anger has been fuelled by ongoing education protests - including staff shortages and crumbling lo <
https://www.youtube.com/live/MzMi1lw2s0A?si=M37x0uWk7soemmOY
https://www.youtube.com/live/3_K_RsiKuqQ?si=HVDotBJmIoHXv0sA
Paris unrest - Huge protests return after week of curfews, chaos, looting, riots Oct 24 2026 Live from Paris on Saturday, October 24, as demonstrators return to the streets after chaos, riots, looting and curfews across France - and right across Europe too. Anger has been fuelled by ongoing education protests - including staff shortages and crumbling lo <
https://www.youtube.com/live/MzMi1lw2s0A?si=M37x0uWk7soemmOY
How China's Marxist Ideas of Government Underpin Its Success | Dr Warwick Powell
.<
Oct 21 2026 Burning Archive. Weekly Audio Essays Dr Warwick Powell explains how China rose from poverty to become the world's largest economy - not by following the West but by adapting Marxism to Chinese society, and Chinese traditions of governance to modernity.
* Dive deep into history at https://jeffrich.subst... Get history guides, monthly long reads, join live calls with me, and participate in my slow read alongs with world literature that sheds lights on the most important issues in world affairs today Want more on global history and the history of China? Join my YouTube channel as an archivist <
https://youtu.be/BGHEqLf9aEI?si=cCNlPt2O0frZtjg-
Oct 21 2026 Burning Archive. Weekly Audio Essays Dr Warwick Powell explains how China rose from poverty to become the world's largest economy - not by following the West but by adapting Marxism to Chinese society, and Chinese traditions of governance to modernity.
* Dive deep into history at https://jeffrich.subst... Get history guides, monthly long reads, join live calls with me, and participate in my slow read alongs with world literature that sheds lights on the most important issues in world affairs today Want more on global history and the history of China? Join my YouTube channel as an archivist <
https://youtu.be/BGHEqLf9aEI?si=cCNlPt2O0frZtjg-
Friday, October 23, 2026
https://youtu.be/Ba41ShpPtic?si=t3CwtMPA76PkKtrg
<
We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the working class is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle of democracy. The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by degrees, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralise all instruments of production in the hands of the State, i.e., of the proletariat organised as the ruling class; and to increase the total of productive forces as rapidly as possible.<
Of course, in the beginning, this cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads on the rights of property, and on the conditions of bourgeois production; by means of measures, therefore, which appear economically insufficient and untenable, but which, in the course of the movement, outstrip themselves, necessitate further inroads upon the old social order, and are unavoidable as a means of entirely revolutionising the mode of production. These measures will, of course, be different in different countries. Nevertheless, in most advanced countries, the following will be pretty generally applicable.<
1. __Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes__.
2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance.
4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
5. Centralisation of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly. <
6. Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.
7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
8. Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the country.
10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, &c, &c.<
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm<
False equivalence of Dems and Reps is a dogmatic Left error <
CB : Not equally committed to war now . That’s importantly wrong at this concrete period . Obama had already explicitly reversed the Bush bellicose doctrines . Democrats FDR , LBJ, OBAMA were _not_ phony populists . Working class won major reforms through them. It’s infantile leftism to maintain the US working class has won no significant reforms in 90 years . You all might as well give up if the working class hasn’t won anything in 90 years . The right wing Bourgeoisie moving in desperation to fascism should prove that the mild Obama reforms are a real threat to the ruling class . The right wing Bourgeoisie are openly , blatantly trying to discard majority rule , prevent the majority from voting . Obama peace treaty with Iran blocks the next big war the military-industrial complex had planned . There can be no war with China because of Mutually Assured Destruction. Tensions with Soviet Union were sharper than today , and there could be no war. There will be no war with China despite all the saber rattling. Economic imperialism of course ; but Leninists support peaceful competition between different social systems ; socialist China is proving to the world the superiority of socialism in peaceful competition. False equivalence of Democrats and Republicans is now for 20 years a severe error of the infantile left . respinding to the following : "No both parties are really committed to imperialism, the opposition to the CIA and forever wars on Trumps part was just the same phony populism as you get with many US politicians." "
FALSE Equivalence of Democrats and Republicans is ultra left insanity under Republican fascism <
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2023/12/blog-post_10.html< <
Great cartoons, but they've all got to go. Most of the dems are complicit. Just not as organized for evil.
No Dems are not complicit in cutting Obamacare , food stamp , right to abortion (!) , ICE Gestapo, tax cuts for wealthy, destruction of Civil Rights Acts (!!) , destruction of public education, bankrupting Detroit , stealing half my pension …. on and on. There’s a huge difference between Dems and Reps , federal and state . <
Point taken, but these times require fighting with bigger sticks and they haven't figured that out. < <
Their approach is working . Interim elections and polls are predicting a bloodbath for Republicans in the midterms . Not only that . Being in the minority means< <
you don’t have bigger sticks ! Dogging out Dems helps the fascists . <
21st Century ultra-lefts rhyme with 20th Century ultra-lefts Lenin criticized <
Lenin's Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder (1920) argues that communist parties must combine legal and illegal work, participate in bourgeois parliaments, and work within reactionary trade unions to gain mass support, rejecting the "infantile" ultra-left, sectarian, and dogmatic refusal to engage in tactical compromises. @ Key Aspects and Outline: • Context: Written to guide international communists, primarily in Germany and Britain, by applying lessons from the three Russian revolutions. • Core Critiaue: Lenin labels the reiection ofCore Critique: Lenin labels the rejection of parliamentary work and trade union participation as "left-wing" childishness, which isolates revolutionaries from the masses. • Key Arguments: • Flexibility & Tactics: Revolutionaries must utilize all legal, illegal, parliamentary, and non-parliamentary means to reach the masses. • Working within Trade Unions: Communists must not abandon reactionary unions but work within them to win over workers. • Parliamentary Participation: Refusal to participate in parliaments is a "childish" error; they should be used as a platform for propaganda. • Compromises: Not all compromises are opportunistic; Communists must distinguish between those that serve the revolution and those that betray it. • Discipline: The importance of ironopportunistic; Communists must distinguish between those that serve the revolution and those that betray it. • Discipline: The importance of iron discipline and centralized leadership within the party (Bolshevik model). • The "Infantile" Element: The tendency to mistake personal desires for objective reality, leading to a sectarian, "pure," but powerless movement. • Goal: To move beyond the initial, inexperienced phase of Communist parties to build a mass base capable of taking power. * Introduction to Lenin's<<
•
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2022/06/blog-post_3.html
\\\
Abolish the fascist Republican Party
Abolish the fascist Republican Party
Labor Power
Monday, October 12, 2020 Abolish the fascist Republican Party Republican Party has cheated to oligarchic or minority rule through gerrymandering , stealing Supreme Court appointments and minority Presidents . They follow Mussolini's fascist principle :
"After Socialism, Fascism combats the whole complex system of democratic ideology, and repudiates it, whether in its theoretical premises or in its practical application. Fascism denies that the majority, by the simple fact that it is a majority, can direct human society; it denies that numbers alone can govern by means of a periodical consultation, and it affirms the immutable, beneficial, and fruitful inequality of mankind, which can never be permanently leveled through the mere operation of a mechanical process such as universal suffrage...."
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/mussolini-fascism.asp
We must focus on the class aspect in our most fundamental definition of fascism. Fascism is open terrorist rule by the most reactionary , racist and bellicose sections of finance capital . The Republican Party represents those sections of the bourgeoisie . It is threatening and executing policies with respect to social programs that will _foreseeably_ result in premature deaths of 10,000's just as certainly as if they were machine gunned. The Republican accelerated round up of immigrants , threats to expel Dreamers and others , racist threat against African and Latin immigrants equal the Nazis treatment of Jews in the early years of the regime before the holocaustic level of killing. There is no premature anti -fascism by name . The President has spoken in support of openly Nazi marchers.
Furthermore, the American fascist tradition is the KKK. The KKK had fascist rule in sections of the US before Italy (!) . The KKK is a core constituency of the Republican base . David Duke regularly endorses Trump's actions. Republicans have leaders like Roy Moore, who says life for Black people was better in slavery. The Attorney General is a political twin of Moore. Statues of Confederates litter the Southern landscape and rock star Kid Rock waves a Confederate flag in downtown , 85% Black Detroit.
The NRA is also a rightwing militant and armed core group of the Republican base. And another unique feature of American fascism, I'd say , is libertarian fascism. Unlike the European state centered "well ordered " police forces, America has individualist killers doing mass shootings. This is libertarian fascism para-military to the Republican Party.
The Republican Party is a fascist party. However , even though it holds most government offices , we don't have a fascist government (yet; there is no premature anti-fascism) because of the historical luck that the Republican President is at war with our secret police and spy agencies , the FBI and CIA; and the President is a Russian agent, of sorts ; he stumbled into it. We can't rely on that not changing; we have to warn the people. There is no premature anti-fascism.
How could I forget. The Republicans are also mounting an effort to destroy the trade unions : work-for -less law iin traditional labor union stronghold Michigan, Supreme Court potential blow , Trump attacking.
President supported a Nazi march in which a woman was murdered !
"Fascism" must be used rhetorically , not based on the identity between the current situation in the Republican Party and the fascists in Europe in the 20's and 30's. If we had warned of "fascism" in the time when it actually arose, the term would not have aroused much alarm because fascism had not become what it became : fastest big murdering system of all times. Terms like tyranny, barbarism and savagery had to be used to get people's attention . Of course , technically it was not tyranny, a system in Ancient Greece. But because of the rhetorical need the term was used non-technically. Similarly with fascist today. History does not repeat itself , but it does rhyme sometimes.
On the other hand , on the technical point, the Republican Presidential contenders all represent the most racist , bellicose, reactionary sections of finance capital. Trump threatens open terrorist rule against specially despised national and racial groups. Bush launched aggressive , unprovoked war against Iraq, a Crime Against Peace, which Hermann Goering was sentenced to death for at Nuremberg.So, Republicans are right on the edge with meeting the technical definition . There is no premature anti- fascism
Republican Party is a fully , openly fascist party now.
Someone says : "The republicans are planning to kill thousands more veterans by yanking life-support and healthcare out from under them. They have to know what they're planning will kill that many, but they just don't care.
The GOP core belief seems to be that if you can't work and pay taxes through working, you do not have a right to life -- even if you lost that ability fighting in one of the pointless wars they started. This is eerily similar to the "euthanasia program" the nazi's were operating in Germany right before the war. The elderly, the chronically ill and infirmed, the maimed (many of whom were veterans of WWI) were sent to "free" clinics to be treated. They were actually murdered, either with gas or an injection, and their survivors would receive a letter reporting about how they died from pneumonia or some other cause. Sometimes the remains were returned, sometimes they weren't."
June 2016 I said , Some like me call the Republican Party fascist, way past a whiff. "Populist"-fascist . Capable of open terrorist rule , especially targeting racial minorities , representing the most reactionary , chauvinist , bellicose sections of finance capital; there is no premature anti-fascism.
CB : Yea better to use "fascist." Fascism started and got its name in Italy. There was fascism in Spain , too. Republican Party has Italian Fascist characteristics like minority rule or oligarchy .
Joe : "I understand the word Nazi is overused, and used poorly, often. Until they kill so many innocents as Hitler did Jewish people, nobody will be in the league with Hitler.
But NOT using the word out of deference to extremist sensitivities, or out of political correctness, clearly benefits whatever group is MOST LIKE the fascists referred to. There's no doubt about that.
And if any group shares the methodology of fear-mongering, racist nationalism, and politically weaponized xenophobia, it is of the utmost importance that ordinary people recognize it. That because the modern GOP seems to use a similar tool set, and they are very active right now.."
Bull: the Republicans are the liars , cheaters , thieves , unAmericans , not the Democrats. False equivalence of Dems and Reps helps the fascist Republicans.
AMERICANS FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY
AMERICANS FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY Republicans are a bunch of lying demagogues, tellers of half-lies, prevaricators.
We must get rid of the GOP ! We must get rid of the GOP 1
Like the old, old Whig Party, the ole, ole Republican Party has got to go, go, go onto the garbage heap of American history. It gets worse every day ! Every damn day , some stupid Republican says something fascist , just beyond the pale , unconscionable. There's a rightwing insanity epidemic in the tea Republican Party.
https://take10charles.blogspot.com/2015/03/americans-for-abolition-of-republican.html?m=1 <
No both parties do _not_ work for the same bosses ! Vote Democrat !
Republicans used to pretend that they hate tariffs , Russians , bailouts , budget deficits and debts: the Grand Ole Party of Liars only cares about getting more of the total amount of money in the system to the rich, the One Percent , the One capitalists , who already have most of it; and beating down the 99% economically and socially. This is socioeconomic fascism.
And budget deficits and debts: the Grand Ole Party of Liars only cares about getting more of the total amount of money in the system to the rich, the One Percent , the One capitalists , who already have most of it; and beating down the 99% economically and socially. This is socioeconomic fascism. <
CB: Republicans' war on Women is its central fascist plank.
Jim says : "I’ve been somewhat amused to listen as both old and young progressives argue about whether Trump is a “real” fascist. I love reading about the history of antifascist resistance during the 30’s and 40’s, and have enjoyed greatly my associations with antifascist fighters from that period. But this discussion is pointless and gets us nowhere.
The facts are the Republican Party has waged an unceasing campaign against American democratic institutions for the last eight years, since the election of Obama, who they tried to delegitimize with their birther movement. You don’t think they have become a fascist movement? Fine! Call it what you want, put whatever label you want on it.
Now days the Republicans don’t even try to hide their nihilism.
They have tried to shut the government down, destroy Social Security and Medicare and shred the safety net. They have fought tooth and nail against any effort to hold Wall Street and the financial industry accountable for their deprivations against the American people. <
Their scapegoats extend to Muslims, undocumented immigrants, feminists and people of color who they blame for all of America’s woes. They also attack and harass scientists who try to warn us about the dangers and consequences of climate change.
They tried and are still attempting to undermine the Iranian nuclear agreement, going so far as to use the Israeli prime minister as a weapon against our president.
They have had some success in sabotaging health care reform, suppressing voting rights, gerrymandering voting districts, destroying workers’ ability to collectively bargain, and restricting women’s rights to control their bodies. They continue to vilify gay and transgender people. They have sought to obstruct and undermine the entire federal judiciary, not just the Supreme Court.
They have encouraged their followers to consider violence and taking up arms if they are unable to win at the ballot box. State Republican leaders have threatened succession.
The modern Republican Party is not the party of Lincoln. Nor is it the party of Eisenhower. It’s not even the party of Nixon. It represents the greatest threat to America since the Confederate states succession.
Let us not be distracted by the Bundy’s, the play-soldier militias, the Klan or the other assorted pathetic pawns. They have no power beyond a few guns and bullets that give their empty lives some purpose. It’s the Republican Party that is the greatest threat to our society, and the sooner we understand that the sooner we will be able to unite to counter their threat.
Is the Left going to discuss the fact that we are in fascism ? No because the Republicans are the fascist party and the Democrats are NOT a fascist party nor are the Democrats enablers , or fake opponents of the Republicans. So, the Left ( all of it almost , so ultra-left is redundant) can't call out the fascism because that would violate their number one dogmatic principle that there is no difference between the parties.
You both are right on ! Trumpist Republican Party is the Reaganite Republican Party in the nude , revealing it's essence, at its logical conclusion : anti-working class, white supremacist and male supremacist
Thomas : "The Republican Party is turning into a fascist party much like Le Pen's National Front in France. The GOP is now so far to the the right from even the GOP of even Barry Goldwater's and dare I say, Ron Reagan."
George : "Goldwater, Nixon and Ronnie Raygun laid the foundation for the current mess. They hid behind lofty slogans, but they were fundamentally saying the same crap!"
Bruce : "We are not allowed to compared the Nazi-like behavior of the Republican Party to Nazis because it upsets them. So here's a question. In the 1930s, who did people refer the actual Nazis to earlier in history? What was the most evil group people would have heard of to call the Nazis?"
CB: Exactly: use of "Nazis" or "fascist" now is rhetorical , even if the Republicans are not just like Hitler or Mussolini's parties. Calling Hitler a Nazi then wouldn't inform people because the Nazis hadn't murdered tens of millions yet. You'd have to say tyrants or barbarians . Rosa Luxembourg said "Socialism or Barbarism " before the Nazis.
Got to call Republicans fascists to alarm people, though Americans are generally very ignorant of history , even World War II history.
CB: US is under a fascist Republican Troika - Congress , President and Supreme Court ; evolved fascism since Reagan
It continues...
-The Supreme Court just upheld the Trump anti-Muslim travel ban. <
-The Supreme Court also just upheld the right of pro-life centers to prevent abortions by deceiving women about their true purposes. To do otherwise, the "Court" claims, would infringe on the centers' First Amendment rights...<
CB : Not equally committed to war now . That’s importantly wrong at this concrete period . Obama had already explicitly reversed the Bush bellicose doctrines . Democrats FDR , LBJ, OBAMA were _not_ phony populists . Working class won major reforms through them. It’s infantile leftism to maintain the US working class has won no significant reforms in 90 years . You all might as well give up if the working class hasn’t won anything in 90 years . The right wing Bourgeoisie moving in desperation to fascism should prove that the mild Obama reforms are a real threat to the ruling class . The right wing Bourgeoisie are openly , blatantly trying to discard majority rule , prevent the majority from voting . Obama peace treaty with Iran blocks the next big war the military-industrial complex had planned . There can be no war with China because of Mutually Assured Destruction. Tensions with Soviet Union were sharper than today , and there could be no war. There will be no war with China despite all the saber rattling. Economic imperialism of course ; but Leninists support peaceful competition between different social systems ; socialist China is proving to the world the superiority of socialism in peaceful competition. False equivalence of Democrats and Republicans is now for 20 years a severe error of the infantile left . respinding to the following : "No both parties are really committed to imperialism, the opposition to the CIA and forever wars on Trumps part was just the same phony populism as you get with many US politicians." "
FALSE Equivalence of Democrats and Republicans is ultra left insanity under Republican fascism <
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2023/12/blog-post_10.html< <
Great cartoons, but they've all got to go. Most of the dems are complicit. Just not as organized for evil.
No Dems are not complicit in cutting Obamacare , food stamp , right to abortion (!) , ICE Gestapo, tax cuts for wealthy, destruction of Civil Rights Acts (!!) , destruction of public education, bankrupting Detroit , stealing half my pension …. on and on. There’s a huge difference between Dems and Reps , federal and state . <
Point taken, but these times require fighting with bigger sticks and they haven't figured that out. < <
Their approach is working . Interim elections and polls are predicting a bloodbath for Republicans in the midterms . Not only that . Being in the minority means< <
you don’t have bigger sticks ! Dogging out Dems helps the fascists . <
21st Century ultra-lefts rhyme with 20th Century ultra-lefts Lenin criticized <
Lenin's Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder (1920) argues that communist parties must combine legal and illegal work, participate in bourgeois parliaments, and work within reactionary trade unions to gain mass support, rejecting the "infantile" ultra-left, sectarian, and dogmatic refusal to engage in tactical compromises. @ Key Aspects and Outline: • Context: Written to guide international communists, primarily in Germany and Britain, by applying lessons from the three Russian revolutions. • Core Critiaue: Lenin labels the reiection ofCore Critique: Lenin labels the rejection of parliamentary work and trade union participation as "left-wing" childishness, which isolates revolutionaries from the masses. • Key Arguments: • Flexibility & Tactics: Revolutionaries must utilize all legal, illegal, parliamentary, and non-parliamentary means to reach the masses. • Working within Trade Unions: Communists must not abandon reactionary unions but work within them to win over workers. • Parliamentary Participation: Refusal to participate in parliaments is a "childish" error; they should be used as a platform for propaganda. • Compromises: Not all compromises are opportunistic; Communists must distinguish between those that serve the revolution and those that betray it. • Discipline: The importance of ironopportunistic; Communists must distinguish between those that serve the revolution and those that betray it. • Discipline: The importance of iron discipline and centralized leadership within the party (Bolshevik model). • The "Infantile" Element: The tendency to mistake personal desires for objective reality, leading to a sectarian, "pure," but powerless movement. • Goal: To move beyond the initial, inexperienced phase of Communist parties to build a mass base capable of taking power. * Introduction to Lenin's<<
•
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2022/06/blog-post_3.html
\\\
Abolish the fascist Republican Party
Abolish the fascist Republican Party
Labor Power
Monday, October 12, 2020 Abolish the fascist Republican Party Republican Party has cheated to oligarchic or minority rule through gerrymandering , stealing Supreme Court appointments and minority Presidents . They follow Mussolini's fascist principle :
"After Socialism, Fascism combats the whole complex system of democratic ideology, and repudiates it, whether in its theoretical premises or in its practical application. Fascism denies that the majority, by the simple fact that it is a majority, can direct human society; it denies that numbers alone can govern by means of a periodical consultation, and it affirms the immutable, beneficial, and fruitful inequality of mankind, which can never be permanently leveled through the mere operation of a mechanical process such as universal suffrage...."
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/mussolini-fascism.asp
We must focus on the class aspect in our most fundamental definition of fascism. Fascism is open terrorist rule by the most reactionary , racist and bellicose sections of finance capital . The Republican Party represents those sections of the bourgeoisie . It is threatening and executing policies with respect to social programs that will _foreseeably_ result in premature deaths of 10,000's just as certainly as if they were machine gunned. The Republican accelerated round up of immigrants , threats to expel Dreamers and others , racist threat against African and Latin immigrants equal the Nazis treatment of Jews in the early years of the regime before the holocaustic level of killing. There is no premature anti -fascism by name . The President has spoken in support of openly Nazi marchers.
Furthermore, the American fascist tradition is the KKK. The KKK had fascist rule in sections of the US before Italy (!) . The KKK is a core constituency of the Republican base . David Duke regularly endorses Trump's actions. Republicans have leaders like Roy Moore, who says life for Black people was better in slavery. The Attorney General is a political twin of Moore. Statues of Confederates litter the Southern landscape and rock star Kid Rock waves a Confederate flag in downtown , 85% Black Detroit.
The NRA is also a rightwing militant and armed core group of the Republican base. And another unique feature of American fascism, I'd say , is libertarian fascism. Unlike the European state centered "well ordered " police forces, America has individualist killers doing mass shootings. This is libertarian fascism para-military to the Republican Party.
The Republican Party is a fascist party. However , even though it holds most government offices , we don't have a fascist government (yet; there is no premature anti-fascism) because of the historical luck that the Republican President is at war with our secret police and spy agencies , the FBI and CIA; and the President is a Russian agent, of sorts ; he stumbled into it. We can't rely on that not changing; we have to warn the people. There is no premature anti-fascism.
How could I forget. The Republicans are also mounting an effort to destroy the trade unions : work-for -less law iin traditional labor union stronghold Michigan, Supreme Court potential blow , Trump attacking.
President supported a Nazi march in which a woman was murdered !
"Fascism" must be used rhetorically , not based on the identity between the current situation in the Republican Party and the fascists in Europe in the 20's and 30's. If we had warned of "fascism" in the time when it actually arose, the term would not have aroused much alarm because fascism had not become what it became : fastest big murdering system of all times. Terms like tyranny, barbarism and savagery had to be used to get people's attention . Of course , technically it was not tyranny, a system in Ancient Greece. But because of the rhetorical need the term was used non-technically. Similarly with fascist today. History does not repeat itself , but it does rhyme sometimes.
On the other hand , on the technical point, the Republican Presidential contenders all represent the most racist , bellicose, reactionary sections of finance capital. Trump threatens open terrorist rule against specially despised national and racial groups. Bush launched aggressive , unprovoked war against Iraq, a Crime Against Peace, which Hermann Goering was sentenced to death for at Nuremberg.So, Republicans are right on the edge with meeting the technical definition . There is no premature anti- fascism
Republican Party is a fully , openly fascist party now.
Someone says : "The republicans are planning to kill thousands more veterans by yanking life-support and healthcare out from under them. They have to know what they're planning will kill that many, but they just don't care.
The GOP core belief seems to be that if you can't work and pay taxes through working, you do not have a right to life -- even if you lost that ability fighting in one of the pointless wars they started. This is eerily similar to the "euthanasia program" the nazi's were operating in Germany right before the war. The elderly, the chronically ill and infirmed, the maimed (many of whom were veterans of WWI) were sent to "free" clinics to be treated. They were actually murdered, either with gas or an injection, and their survivors would receive a letter reporting about how they died from pneumonia or some other cause. Sometimes the remains were returned, sometimes they weren't."
June 2016 I said , Some like me call the Republican Party fascist, way past a whiff. "Populist"-fascist . Capable of open terrorist rule , especially targeting racial minorities , representing the most reactionary , chauvinist , bellicose sections of finance capital; there is no premature anti-fascism.
CB : Yea better to use "fascist." Fascism started and got its name in Italy. There was fascism in Spain , too. Republican Party has Italian Fascist characteristics like minority rule or oligarchy .
Joe : "I understand the word Nazi is overused, and used poorly, often. Until they kill so many innocents as Hitler did Jewish people, nobody will be in the league with Hitler.
But NOT using the word out of deference to extremist sensitivities, or out of political correctness, clearly benefits whatever group is MOST LIKE the fascists referred to. There's no doubt about that.
And if any group shares the methodology of fear-mongering, racist nationalism, and politically weaponized xenophobia, it is of the utmost importance that ordinary people recognize it. That because the modern GOP seems to use a similar tool set, and they are very active right now.."
Bull: the Republicans are the liars , cheaters , thieves , unAmericans , not the Democrats. False equivalence of Dems and Reps helps the fascist Republicans.
AMERICANS FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY
AMERICANS FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY Republicans are a bunch of lying demagogues, tellers of half-lies, prevaricators.
We must get rid of the GOP ! We must get rid of the GOP 1
Like the old, old Whig Party, the ole, ole Republican Party has got to go, go, go onto the garbage heap of American history. It gets worse every day ! Every damn day , some stupid Republican says something fascist , just beyond the pale , unconscionable. There's a rightwing insanity epidemic in the tea Republican Party.
https://take10charles.blogspot.com/2015/03/americans-for-abolition-of-republican.html?m=1 <
No both parties do _not_ work for the same bosses ! Vote Democrat !
Republicans used to pretend that they hate tariffs , Russians , bailouts , budget deficits and debts: the Grand Ole Party of Liars only cares about getting more of the total amount of money in the system to the rich, the One Percent , the One capitalists , who already have most of it; and beating down the 99% economically and socially. This is socioeconomic fascism.
And budget deficits and debts: the Grand Ole Party of Liars only cares about getting more of the total amount of money in the system to the rich, the One Percent , the One capitalists , who already have most of it; and beating down the 99% economically and socially. This is socioeconomic fascism. <
CB: Republicans' war on Women is its central fascist plank.
Jim says : "I’ve been somewhat amused to listen as both old and young progressives argue about whether Trump is a “real” fascist. I love reading about the history of antifascist resistance during the 30’s and 40’s, and have enjoyed greatly my associations with antifascist fighters from that period. But this discussion is pointless and gets us nowhere.
The facts are the Republican Party has waged an unceasing campaign against American democratic institutions for the last eight years, since the election of Obama, who they tried to delegitimize with their birther movement. You don’t think they have become a fascist movement? Fine! Call it what you want, put whatever label you want on it.
Now days the Republicans don’t even try to hide their nihilism.
They have tried to shut the government down, destroy Social Security and Medicare and shred the safety net. They have fought tooth and nail against any effort to hold Wall Street and the financial industry accountable for their deprivations against the American people. <
Their scapegoats extend to Muslims, undocumented immigrants, feminists and people of color who they blame for all of America’s woes. They also attack and harass scientists who try to warn us about the dangers and consequences of climate change.
They tried and are still attempting to undermine the Iranian nuclear agreement, going so far as to use the Israeli prime minister as a weapon against our president.
They have had some success in sabotaging health care reform, suppressing voting rights, gerrymandering voting districts, destroying workers’ ability to collectively bargain, and restricting women’s rights to control their bodies. They continue to vilify gay and transgender people. They have sought to obstruct and undermine the entire federal judiciary, not just the Supreme Court.
They have encouraged their followers to consider violence and taking up arms if they are unable to win at the ballot box. State Republican leaders have threatened succession.
The modern Republican Party is not the party of Lincoln. Nor is it the party of Eisenhower. It’s not even the party of Nixon. It represents the greatest threat to America since the Confederate states succession.
Let us not be distracted by the Bundy’s, the play-soldier militias, the Klan or the other assorted pathetic pawns. They have no power beyond a few guns and bullets that give their empty lives some purpose. It’s the Republican Party that is the greatest threat to our society, and the sooner we understand that the sooner we will be able to unite to counter their threat.
Is the Left going to discuss the fact that we are in fascism ? No because the Republicans are the fascist party and the Democrats are NOT a fascist party nor are the Democrats enablers , or fake opponents of the Republicans. So, the Left ( all of it almost , so ultra-left is redundant) can't call out the fascism because that would violate their number one dogmatic principle that there is no difference between the parties.
You both are right on ! Trumpist Republican Party is the Reaganite Republican Party in the nude , revealing it's essence, at its logical conclusion : anti-working class, white supremacist and male supremacist
Thomas : "The Republican Party is turning into a fascist party much like Le Pen's National Front in France. The GOP is now so far to the the right from even the GOP of even Barry Goldwater's and dare I say, Ron Reagan."
George : "Goldwater, Nixon and Ronnie Raygun laid the foundation for the current mess. They hid behind lofty slogans, but they were fundamentally saying the same crap!"
Bruce : "We are not allowed to compared the Nazi-like behavior of the Republican Party to Nazis because it upsets them. So here's a question. In the 1930s, who did people refer the actual Nazis to earlier in history? What was the most evil group people would have heard of to call the Nazis?"
CB: Exactly: use of "Nazis" or "fascist" now is rhetorical , even if the Republicans are not just like Hitler or Mussolini's parties. Calling Hitler a Nazi then wouldn't inform people because the Nazis hadn't murdered tens of millions yet. You'd have to say tyrants or barbarians . Rosa Luxembourg said "Socialism or Barbarism " before the Nazis.
Got to call Republicans fascists to alarm people, though Americans are generally very ignorant of history , even World War II history.
CB: US is under a fascist Republican Troika - Congress , President and Supreme Court ; evolved fascism since Reagan
It continues...
-The Supreme Court just upheld the Trump anti-Muslim travel ban. <
-The Supreme Court also just upheld the right of pro-life centers to prevent abortions by deceiving women about their true purposes. To do otherwise, the "Court" claims, would infringe on the centers' First Amendment rights...<
Care work refers to activities that meet the physical, emotional, and developmental needs of others and to feelings of affection, concern, or responsibility toward those receiving care.[1][2] It may be performed for pay or without remuneration and takes place both within households and through institutions such as schools, hospitals, and child care centers.[3][4] Paid care occurs in formal employment settings, while unpaid care is typically carried out within families and communities, and households often combine both forms.[5] Care work may be direct, involving face-to-face interaction, or indirect, consisting of tasks that sustain the conditions under which care is provided.[6][7]
Care work
Wood engraving of a woman holding a child while another woman touches it tenderly
<
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Care_work
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Care_work
Thursday, October 22, 2026
Johnny Harris SHOCKED by CHINA'S Rapid Development
1.7K
Likes
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Oct 16 2026
#USChina
#Infrastructure
#Geopolitics
Why can China build massive infrastructure, high speed rail, entire urban districts and public projects at a speed that leaves many Western visitors stunned?
And is the answer really as simple as: "because
China is authoritarian"?
In this video, we react at Johnny Harris' attempt to understand the system behind modern China from the Communist Party and Deng Xiaoping's reforms to technocratic governance, local government incentives and one of the largest reductions
<
https://youtu.be/1ldBP-hkWN8?si=HB8GxkTEFQXvcFYu
https://youtu.be/1ldBP-hkWN8?si=HB8GxkTEFQXvcFYu
Burkina Faso : Land of the Upright People !
https://youtu.be/JY4Bc8hVfdk?si=1tb0wM6WDMX39zm5<
The struggle continues ; more victories are certain . <
Burkina Faso's Mega Insect Factory - The Hidden Revolution Feeding the Sahel <
#InsectFarming #FutureOfFood #FoodCrisis Burkina Faso's Mega Insect Factory - The Hidden Revolution Feeding the Sahel The global food system is collapsing, and the clock is ticking. In the unforgiving, scorching heat of the Sahel, where temperatures hit 115 degrees and crops turn to dust, a silent war against starvation is being won with the most unlikely weapon on Earth: garbage-eating bugs. This isn't a sci-fi movie. This is the brutal, high-stakes reality of Burkina Faso's biological revolution. While the rest of the world panics over supply chain While the rest of the world panics over supply chain fractures and skyrocketing meat prices, this West African nation is quietly engineering a multi-billion-dollar empire out of rotting fruit and spoiled grain.<
Meet the Black Soldier Fly. In just 14 days, these microscopic larvae devour toxic waste and metamorphose it into a hyper-dense protein that outperforms beef, soy, and fishmeal. No land. No water waste. Zero emissions.
But this isn't just about saving dying crops. It's about total survival. With millions facing acute starvation and armed conflict tearing the region apart, traditional farming is dead. The old model of importing food has failed. Now, a radical new circular economy is rising from the dust, turning worthless trash into liquid gold and weaponizing nature to secure absolute food sovereignty. If you think eating insects is a bizarre trend, you're <
https://youtu.be/2Io8O8QM_WA?si=FvO6CKSZ0z27tjhC
https://youtu.be/xQlnTkiD_Xw?si=lT2S9Tck0AdxCkPS
<
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/httpsyoutu_01605094546.html
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/httpswww_01621045740.html<
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/httpswww_01544397157.html<
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/httpsyoutu_01639032027.html<
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2026/10/httpswww_0420444479.html<
US OUT OF EVERYWHERE !
US out of Ukraine ! US out of Venezuela ! US out of Iran ! US out of Nigeria ! US out of Korea !
<
US out of North America !!
US out of North America !!
<
Sex and Culture Anthropology 210
Professor Charles Brown
Course Description:
Anthropology 210, Sex and Culture, will examine the essential role of sexual reproduction and gender in human evolution, society and culture; in kinship and marriage.
Contrary to previous iterations of this class, sexuality will not be the primary topic, though it will be addressed.
Goals: To understand the origin and evolution of Life on Earth
To understand the origin and evolution of sexual reproduction
To understand the Modern Evolutionary synthesis
To understand reproduction as the primary determinant of Darwinian Natural Selective Fitness, contrary to the popular conception of fitness as primarily determined by longevity of life span.
To understand the perfection (for Darwinian evolutionary law ) of the definition of same species for sexually reproducing species as female and male mating to produce _fertile_ offspring.
To understand the physiology and ontogeny of sex
To understand genetically based instincts To understand why heterosexual instinct is probably selected for <
To understand reproduction as the primary determinant of Darwinian Natural Selective Fitness, contrary to the popular conception of fitness as primarily determined by longevity of life span. <
To understand the physiology and ontogeny of sex <
To understand genetically based instincts
To understand why heterosexual instinct is probably selected for <
To understand the concepts of symbolic communication - language and culture - as unique to the human species
To understand the distinction and relation between the concepts of sex and gender
To understand the Stone Age and original culture and language
To understand the essential role of regulation of sexual intercourse in the origin and evolutionary success of human society
To understand Antoinette Blackwell's critique of Darwin and Spencer's hypotheses on human evolution <
To understand the history of gender relations and sexual relations in Western Civilization
To understand the impact of male supremacy on sexual relations; women's liberationist critiques of gender relations and sexual relations
To understand the impact of historical economic class struggles on gender relations and sexual relations<
Professor Charles Brown
Course Description:
Anthropology 210, Sex and Culture, will examine the essential role of sexual reproduction and gender in human evolution, society and culture; in kinship and marriage.
Contrary to previous iterations of this class, sexuality will not be the primary topic, though it will be addressed.
Goals: To understand the origin and evolution of Life on Earth
To understand the origin and evolution of sexual reproduction
To understand the Modern Evolutionary synthesis
To understand reproduction as the primary determinant of Darwinian Natural Selective Fitness, contrary to the popular conception of fitness as primarily determined by longevity of life span.
To understand the perfection (for Darwinian evolutionary law ) of the definition of same species for sexually reproducing species as female and male mating to produce _fertile_ offspring.
To understand the physiology and ontogeny of sex
To understand genetically based instincts To understand why heterosexual instinct is probably selected for <
To understand reproduction as the primary determinant of Darwinian Natural Selective Fitness, contrary to the popular conception of fitness as primarily determined by longevity of life span. <
To understand the physiology and ontogeny of sex <
To understand genetically based instincts
To understand why heterosexual instinct is probably selected for <
To understand the concepts of symbolic communication - language and culture - as unique to the human species
To understand the distinction and relation between the concepts of sex and gender
To understand the Stone Age and original culture and language
To understand the essential role of regulation of sexual intercourse in the origin and evolutionary success of human society
To understand Antoinette Blackwell's critique of Darwin and Spencer's hypotheses on human evolution <
To understand the history of gender relations and sexual relations in Western Civilization
To understand the impact of male supremacy on sexual relations; women's liberationist critiques of gender relations and sexual relations
To understand the impact of historical economic class struggles on gender relations and sexual relations<
<
CB: Nice >
On May 12, 2026, at 12:42 PM, Peggy Dobbins wrote: Dear Ellen Brown, I have always appreciated your work and trusted where Ellen Brown is pointing more than where others say. I want to share a couple of insights with you that I think are useful to those genuinely trying to guide humanity toward all benefitting from the leaps made in technological productivity during the capitalist era capped now by A I, without being dehumanized. One is making use of the fact that there are two terms for what is referred to in most languages as both "work" and "labor." As Marx and Engels and Adam Smith and Ricardo would agree, and now as you inform me Benjamin Franking and Henry Carey also I feel certain: labor is the sine qua non of the on going process of humanization. Our homo sapiens species becomes humane, interdependent and civilly so, hence civilized by labor. What is a defintion of labor across civilizations? Labor ≡ time spent doing what another wants* as they want it done to earn* the means* to get what one wants from yet another. a more crass, shorthand definition is Labor ≡ bossed time for pay Work may refer to time spent performing the same activity, for the same purpose, with the same skill. But work may be unbossed and work may be unpaid. I.E. Free. in one's free time, free from mandates, free from doing something one wouldn't do, or wouldn't do that way if it weren't one's job, ie, bossed. hence Work of Art, Scientific work, even Housework. Obra de arte, Œuvre d'art. Not labor of art, trabajo de art, travail d'art.* Thus in a very advanced state of humanity, we may Labor for Freedom to Work freely, for free. It's my opinion, that humans need to continue relations of labor vis a vis one another to maintain humanity as civil and interdependent, civilly interdependent, civilized. IE for human civilization to survive. I can conceive of everyone performing some labor, doing something they wouldn't do if someone else didn't want them to do it and they do it to earn the means to get what they want from yet another[s]. Even a terminally ill patient can perform the labor of smiling while taking the experimental drug a medical scientist administers to earn the possibility of seeing their grandchild graduating from college on the zoom screen. We should all contribute a little labor time to earn the means to enjoy the most advanced goods and services human society has developed artificial intelligence to produce with no more human labor than programming and monitoring it. *want ≡ desire or need *earn, because there is a moral sense by both employer and employee that the latter has earned what the former must pay to reproduce the labor power. This becomes questionable once we are dealing with A I. I only sense its relevance up to now. *means ≡ money, or pay, in our epoch *words for labor and work in various language
-------
The other insight I'd like to make accessible to you is a counter intuitive one derived from asking how class and patrilineal inheritance emerges
from within matrilineal societies subsisting on the same species in their ecological niche, but overtime specializing in cultivating the productivity of one species,
initially as their own most reliable food. Eventually resolving conflicts by "equitable exchanges of different forms of labor time" through intermarriage.
Thence eventually a primitive form of Surplus Value, "surplus labor time due to one, yet due the other" emerges from
"equitable exchanges of different forms of labor time, the technological productivity of which develops unevenly inevitably."
I'm sure I still don't quite have it right or it wouldn't be so hard to convey. But I'm also sure that the uneven development of technological productivity has a counter-intuitive effect in enriching the one whose labor has not become more technologically productive at the expense of the one whose has, but they are still dependent upon and must abide by the rule of the other. This latter insight comes interaction between my primary interest in 1) how matrilineal societies became patrilineal class societies without outside conquest by societies that had to be traceable themselves to pre-patrilineal ones, 2)and conversations with Italians emphasizing "uneven development of technological productivity" at the 3) 2001 international conference on Marxism in Yunnan.
Margaret (Peggy) Powell Dobbins (87)
Atlanta, Georgia
cf: https://peggydobbins.net
facebook discussion groups
Wikipedia & Emory University archives.
On May 10, 2026, at 11:13 AM, Ellen Brown from Web of Debt wrote:
Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for more
All Wars Are Bankers’ Wars: Iran and the Bankers’ Endgame
THE ABUNDANCE PARADIGM: WHY AI FORCES RETHINKING MONEY ITSELF—Part 1
ELLEN BROWN
MAY 10
READ IN APP
A Universal Basic Income (UBI) has long been proposed as a way to cushion the blow of jobs lost to automation. Under that model, everyone receives a modest monthly payment – enough to cover basic needs and prevent extreme poverty.
But Elon Musk has gone further. On April 16, he posted on X:
“Universal HIGH INCOME via checks issued by the Federal government is the best way to
deal with unemployment caused by AI.
“AI/robotics will produce goods & services far in excess of the increase in the money
supply, so there will not be inflation.”
Rather than a subsistence stipend, Universal High Income (UHI) would be a level of income allowing ordinary people to live well in a world where machines do most of the work. Musk has also said that AI and robotics are the only things that can solve the massive U.S. debt crisis.
That sounds promising, but where will the government get the money to pay the UHI? Critics say any government that tried it would go bankrupt. There are also other concerns, which will be addressed in Part 2 of this article. Here we will look at the financial underpinnings: why UHI is even thinkable, why AI forces a reexamination of how money enters the economy, why the current system cannot scale to meet what is coming, and the implicit transition needed to meet that challenge.
Continue reading here.
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CB: Nice >
On May 12, 2026, at 12:42 PM, Peggy Dobbins wrote: Dear Ellen Brown, I have always appreciated your work and trusted where Ellen Brown is pointing more than where others say. I want to share a couple of insights with you that I think are useful to those genuinely trying to guide humanity toward all benefitting from the leaps made in technological productivity during the capitalist era capped now by A I, without being dehumanized. One is making use of the fact that there are two terms for what is referred to in most languages as both "work" and "labor." As Marx and Engels and Adam Smith and Ricardo would agree, and now as you inform me Benjamin Franking and Henry Carey also I feel certain: labor is the sine qua non of the on going process of humanization. Our homo sapiens species becomes humane, interdependent and civilly so, hence civilized by labor. What is a defintion of labor across civilizations? Labor ≡ time spent doing what another wants* as they want it done to earn* the means* to get what one wants from yet another. a more crass, shorthand definition is Labor ≡ bossed time for pay Work may refer to time spent performing the same activity, for the same purpose, with the same skill. But work may be unbossed and work may be unpaid. I.E. Free. in one's free time, free from mandates, free from doing something one wouldn't do, or wouldn't do that way if it weren't one's job, ie, bossed. hence Work of Art, Scientific work, even Housework. Obra de arte, Œuvre d'art. Not labor of art, trabajo de art, travail d'art.* Thus in a very advanced state of humanity, we may Labor for Freedom to Work freely, for free. It's my opinion, that humans need to continue relations of labor vis a vis one another to maintain humanity as civil and interdependent, civilly interdependent, civilized. IE for human civilization to survive. I can conceive of everyone performing some labor, doing something they wouldn't do if someone else didn't want them to do it and they do it to earn the means to get what they want from yet another[s]. Even a terminally ill patient can perform the labor of smiling while taking the experimental drug a medical scientist administers to earn the possibility of seeing their grandchild graduating from college on the zoom screen. We should all contribute a little labor time to earn the means to enjoy the most advanced goods and services human society has developed artificial intelligence to produce with no more human labor than programming and monitoring it. *want ≡ desire or need *earn, because there is a moral sense by both employer and employee that the latter has earned what the former must pay to reproduce the labor power. This becomes questionable once we are dealing with A I. I only sense its relevance up to now. *means ≡ money, or pay, in our epoch *words for labor and work in various language
I would contend that if and when socialist ideals collide with economic realities, the appropriate response is neither to abandon those ideals nor to assume that good intentions can overcome economic constraints. Rather, we should investigate which institutions can best coordinate production, allocate scarce resources, encourage innovation, and satisfy human needs.
https://medium.com/@jimfarmelant/what-happens-when-socialist-ideals-collide-with-the-realities-of-economics-43a393c069c0
Jim Farmelant
http://www.linkedin.com/in/jimfarmelant/
Wednesday, October 21, 2026
Hey, I wanted to send you a quick text before I take the debate stage tonight.
𝗪𝗲 𝗮𝗹𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱𝘆 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝘄𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗠𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗴𝗲𝗿𝘀’ 𝗴𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻 𝗶𝘀. He’ll beg for last-minute support from his MAGA buddies and AIPAC, and he’ll try to land some cheap shots at me.
I’m going to get up there and speak directly to every single Michigander watching about how I’ll go to bat for them in the Senate. 𝗕𝘂𝘁 𝗮𝘀 𝗺𝘂𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝘀 𝗜 𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗲 𝘄𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝘄𝗶𝗻 𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗱𝗼 𝘁𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝗶𝗻, 𝘄𝗲 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝗲 𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗮 𝗹𝗼𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝘃𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝙬𝙤𝙣'𝙩 𝙬𝙖𝙩𝙘𝙝 𝙩𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩’𝙨 𝙙𝙚𝙗𝙖𝙩𝙚.
That’s why we urgently need to reach undecided voters in other ways, including through digital ads on streaming platforms, social media, and by knocking on their doors.
So before I take the stage tonight, 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘁𝗲 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 $𝟭𝟬 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘃𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗱𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝘂𝘁𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻? If you can, you can use this link: abdul4sen.org/l/p3i6eq
Let’s go get it,
Abdul El-Sayed
Text STOP to quit
By Raceman John Henry <
They often claim whites are back lashing ; whites are the FRONTlashers since the beginning of America . Dark races do righteously indignant true back lash ; deterrence. <
Yes Black Bottom Detroit was removed in a racist frontlash again , but Blacks then , liberated from confinement in Black Bottom, took over the whole city ! The whole city became overwhelmingly majority Black population. In a true _BACKlash_ ( They been lashing first since the begining of their Crimes against Africans ). Righteously Indignant BACKlash .
That's how Mayor Young was mayor for 20 years. Detroit became Black Top, with the old Black Bottom area , what I call Greater Lafayette Park, populated significantly with Duboisian Talented Tenths, Black Top's like Coleman Young himself near where he lived when young on Antietam ; near. Miller school. In Black Bottom. Nuttal’s lived there on Chestnut; Diggs ; at St. Aubin. The Catholic Church Coleman Young mentions in _Hardstuff_ is still there. Hyde Park part of Greater Lafayette Park is where Mayor Young lived and the FBI bugged his townhouse ; FBI had been harassing him for decades . <
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/08/detroit-is-haiti-unforgivably-black.html
They often claim whites are back lashing ; whites are the FRONTlashers since the beginning of America . Dark races do righteously indignant true back lash ; deterrence. <
Yes Black Bottom Detroit was removed in a racist frontlash again , but Blacks then , liberated from confinement in Black Bottom, took over the whole city ! The whole city became overwhelmingly majority Black population. In a true _BACKlash_ ( They been lashing first since the begining of their Crimes against Africans ). Righteously Indignant BACKlash .
That's how Mayor Young was mayor for 20 years. Detroit became Black Top, with the old Black Bottom area , what I call Greater Lafayette Park, populated significantly with Duboisian Talented Tenths, Black Top's like Coleman Young himself near where he lived when young on Antietam ; near. Miller school. In Black Bottom. Nuttal’s lived there on Chestnut; Diggs ; at St. Aubin. The Catholic Church Coleman Young mentions in _Hardstuff_ is still there. Hyde Park part of Greater Lafayette Park is where Mayor Young lived and the FBI bugged his townhouse ; FBI had been harassing him for decades . <
http://take10charles.blogspot.com/2014/08/detroit-is-haiti-unforgivably-black.html
Darwin plus Modern Evolution
Evolution Lecture 1
<
Charles Darwin’s law or theory of Evolution has FOUR parts. Two parts were discovered by Darwin; and two parts were discovered by his successors. Most people who know of Darwin’s law are familiar with his idea of 1) NATURAL SELECTION. This is popularly known as “Survival of the Fittest .” It is the idea that Nature BREEDS all the different form of Life on Earth.
“Natural selection is the differential longevity and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype or bodily characteristics . It is the key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection or BREEDING , which is humanly intentional, whereas natural selection is not all intentional.
Variation of traits, both genotypic and phenotypic, exists within all populations of organisms. However, some traits are more likely to facilitate survival and reproductive success. Thus, these traits are passed onto the next generation. These traits can also become more common within a population if the environment that favours these traits remain fixed. If new traits become more favored due to changes in a specific niche, microevolution occurs. If new traits become more favored due to changes in the broader environment, macroevolution occurs. Sometimes, new species can arise especially if these new traits are radically different from the traits possessed by their predecessors.
The likelihood of these traits being 'selected' and passed down are determined by many factors. Some are likely to be passed down because they adapt well to their environments and live long lives . Others are passed down because these traits are actively preferred by mating partners, which is known as sexual selection. Female bodies also prefer traits that confer the lowest cost to their reproductive health or even bodily comfort which is known as fecundity selection.”
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection )
Professor Brown: However, Darwin also found that 2) ALL LIFE IS RELATED TO ALL OTHER LIFE THROUGH COMMON ANCESTRAL SPECIES. This is the principle of PHYLOGENY as represented by a “THE TREE OF LIFE” diagram. ( See handout)
“A phylogenetic tree, phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.[1][2] In other words, it is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. In evolutionary biology, all life on Earth is theoretically part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. Phylogenetics is the study of phylogenetic trees.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree Darwin only had the above two theories; he _ lacked_ good theories of 3) what the mechanism of heredity was by which traits could be passed on from one generation to the next ; and 4) how variation in a species arose . He knew that bodily traits were inherited by children from parents, but he didn’t know how. He knew that there were different bodily traits within the populations of the same species, but he did not know how that variation was caused.
Darwin’s successors solved theoretical problem 3) with the discovery of genes and DNA ; and 4) with the discovery of genetic mutations. These 2 theories combined with Darwin’s 2 theories of Phylogeny and Natural Selection form a complete Modern Evolutionary Theory !
(Charles Darwin : ( https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NFfSLlCawE ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NFfSLlCawE ; https://iep.utm.edu/darwin/ )
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution )
IMPORTANTLY, THE MEASURE OF DARWINIAN FITNESS/SUCCESSFUL ADAPTATION IS SPECIES POPULATION GROWTH; THE MEASURE OF UNFITNESS IS POPULATION SHRINKING , THE ULTIMATE UNFITNESS IS EXTINCTION !!! Please focus on this idea as it is not made explicit in standard presentations of Natural Selection. Please include this in your answer to the test question.
The Darwinian Tree of Life represents COMMON ANCESTORAL relations between different species at nodes of branching on the Tree diagram .The Tree of Life diagram implies a timeline from bottom to top. Thereby it represents EVOLUTION by NATURAL SELECTION of new traits and retention of some old traits.
The primate order is an order of the mammal class. All primates are mammals ; not all mammals are primates; increasingly inclusive categories as we go down on the Tree of Life . (( see handout of Primate Order section of Tree of Life)
It was Darwin’s claim that all life is related through common ancestral species INCLUDING HUMANS (!) that was controversial (not so much Natural Selection), because it conflicted with the Christian doctrine of human origin by God’s creation in the Garden of Eden.
In Darwin’s time, the idea that humans had evolved out of an earlier ancestor AT ALL was controversial. Darwin specifically hypothesized that the living species with the closest back in time or fewest generations back to a common ancestor with humans are chimpanzees; and that humans originated in Africa.
Subsequently, investigating these two Darwinian hypotheses , paleotologist-scientists, including Raymond Dart, explored parts of Africa looking for fossil remains evidence of a so-called MISSING LINK species. The idea is links in a chain as representing a line of species , one link descending from the previous links. The “missing link” would connect humans to our common ancestor on the Tree of Life with chimps
A fossil with characteristics constituting a link between a human “link” and a chimp “link” was discovered by Raymond Dart in Southern Africa (page 291 of text) ; and subsequently by many others . This proved Darwin’s hypothesis true. Dart found a fossil with a chimp sized brain BUT BI-PEDAL, OR HABITUALLY WALKING ON TWO FEET INSTEAD OF FOUR (quadrapedal). The phylogenetic-Tree of Life classification term for habitually bi-pedal primates is HOMININ.
(See handout on Missing Link)
( https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raymond-A-Dart )
Modern Natural Science
The modern scientific method of finding out truths about the world, the universe, originated 500 to 600 years ago in Europe. It has produced the estimates of the time of origin of major events of natural history of interest to this class as listed on the Scientific Cosmological or Worldview Timeline handout.
The origin of life on Earth was approximately 3.6 billion years ago. The first life forms or species were single celled and cloned to reproduce. Cloning means an organism makes a copy of itself to produce the next generation. The origin of sexually reproducing species was approximately 1.2 billion years ago. Reproduction is necessary to perpetuate species because individual organisms are mortal. Dinosaurs’ origin approximately 240 million years ago and extinction 65 million years ago is an example of Darwin’s principle of NATURAL SELECTION against. There were other mass extinctions prior to the dinosaur mass ( many different species) extinction.
( https://www.britannica.com/science/life/Evolution-and-the-history-of-life-on-Earth )
The dinosaur extinction was (an example of Darwin’s concept of species being selected against) probably due to a comet or meteor striking and exploding like many , many nuclear bombs on the earth ; and throwing so much debris up into the atmosphere that it blocked much of the sun’s light for many, many years; and thereby killing much plant life that the food of the dinosaurs. (https://www.britannica.com/animal/dinosaur/Extinction )
Mammals ( we are mammals) lived simultaneously with dinosaurs. They were small , furry animals relative to dinosaurs, and the reduced amount of plant food was enough for their smaller bodies to survive the loss of plant life. Thus, mammals were SELECTED FOR in the Darwinian sense. Mammals were fit relative to dinosaurs; survival of the fit species.
( What Happened Immediately After the Dinosaurs Went Extinct ? Mammals ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7nyan0wnkQ )
Three characteristic traits of mammals are ,1) mammary glands to feed the young, 2) warmblood ,3) bodily fur. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal ). Primates, A PHYLOGENETIC ORDER OF MAMMALS, retain these 3 traits; and primates evolved stereoscopic vision (page 138 of text) as an adaptation to living in trees. This is not to be confused with the Tree of Life metaphor ; primates actually did live in trees. Stereoscopic vision, by way of eyes in front of the head forming almost parallel lines of sight , gives sharper vision at a distance. Thereby, primates didn’t fall of the trees to death , and could catch insects more exactly; in other words adaptation in the trees. (Chapter 7 of the text ;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpnlS_ach-0 What is a Primate?)
HOMININS
Hominins (See last section of Chapter 12 and Chapters 13, 14 and 15 of the text _Physical Anthropology_) are distinguished from other primates by a skeleton adapted for bipedalism – the habit of _walking_ upright on the two hind limbs. Hominins in this class are habitually, anatomically, physiologically, naturally UPRIGHT-ERECT, BIPEDAL primates . Although, other primate species are able to stand on two legs temporarily , only hominins evolved as habitually bipeds. Kangaroos, some birds and other animals are bipeds , but they are not primates.
https://www.britannica.com/science/bipedalism
Some closely related primate species , including chimpanzees and gorillas, exhibit knuckle walking a pattern of movement in which long arms and the knuckles of the hand support the weight.
See handouts
There are several Darwinian natural selection hypotheses for the origin of bipedalism evolving out of a quadrupedal/knuckle-walking species ancestral to hominin species.
1) Adaptation to savanna ecological niche: Bipedalism may have allowed primates to move about more freely within savanna environments (grassland, with scattered trees, prevalent in Africa) and to watch out for predators over the tall grasses. Erect bipeds walk greater distance using less energy than quadrupeds can and , with their eyes elevated higher than quadrupeds can see over grasses and see a longer way into the distance for predators or prey. However, evidence from recent fossil finds suggests that early bipedal hominins lived in forested areas.
2) Bipedalism lessens stress from the extreme heat of the savanna in East and Southern Africa. The air is slightly cooler off the ground, and erect bipedalism exposes less surface area of the body to the midday sun.( page 311 of the text)
3) Carrying behavior: Bipedalism allows hominins to carry objects in the two front limbs (arms), enabling the carrying of food and easier transportation of the young ( fleeing predators or pursuing a nomad-migratory life way). Bipedalism also frees hands to carry tools and weapons. This Professor Brown’s football sports example.
4) The genitalia of both sexes are exposed to vision more in erect posture than in quadrupedal stooped posture. This may have resulted in more fertile matings by erect phenotype individuals (see page 311 text)
5) Other primates have free hands while stationary, so the main abilities that hominins have over quadrupedal and knuckle walking primates is that forelimbs-hands are free during locomotion walking over running. However, hands free virtually all the time probably contributed to the evolution of the hands into highly developed organs of manipulation (literally) that are better for the manufacture of tools or for affectionate stroking.
Hominin Species
The details of the hominin Tree of Life (“family tree”) are still being developed, but anthropologists generally agree about the primary ancestral relationships of and among hominin species.
1) The lines leading to chimpanzees, gorillas and humans are believed to have diverged sometime between 8 – 5 million years ago.
2) Fossils of the earliest hominins , from about 7 -1.8 million years ago have been found SOLEY IN AFRICA ( See discussion of Piltdown Hoax on _fake_fossils found in England).
3) Paleoanthropologists generally agree that there were more than one line of hominin species, only one of which evolved into the human or Genus Homo species. The robust australopithecines , which coexisted with early species of the Genus Homo, are not considered ancestral to humans and became extinct approximately 1 million years ago.
( https://www.britannica.com/topic/hominin )
( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3n370ww3L4 Hominin Evolution, Part 1: The First 5 Million Years )
( https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/exhibits/seven-million-years-human-evolution )
Charles Darwin’s law or theory of Evolution has FOUR parts. Two parts were discovered by Darwin; and two parts were discovered by his successors. Most people who know of Darwin’s law are familiar with his idea of 1) NATURAL SELECTION. This is popularly known as “Survival of the Fittest .” It is the idea that Nature BREEDS all the different form of Life on Earth.
“Natural selection is the differential longevity and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype or bodily characteristics . It is the key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection or BREEDING , which is humanly intentional, whereas natural selection is not all intentional.
Variation of traits, both genotypic and phenotypic, exists within all populations of organisms. However, some traits are more likely to facilitate survival and reproductive success. Thus, these traits are passed onto the next generation. These traits can also become more common within a population if the environment that favours these traits remain fixed. If new traits become more favored due to changes in a specific niche, microevolution occurs. If new traits become more favored due to changes in the broader environment, macroevolution occurs. Sometimes, new species can arise especially if these new traits are radically different from the traits possessed by their predecessors.
The likelihood of these traits being 'selected' and passed down are determined by many factors. Some are likely to be passed down because they adapt well to their environments and live long lives . Others are passed down because these traits are actively preferred by mating partners, which is known as sexual selection. Female bodies also prefer traits that confer the lowest cost to their reproductive health or even bodily comfort which is known as fecundity selection.”
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection )
Professor Brown: However, Darwin also found that 2) ALL LIFE IS RELATED TO ALL OTHER LIFE THROUGH COMMON ANCESTRAL SPECIES. This is the principle of PHYLOGENY as represented by a “THE TREE OF LIFE” diagram. ( See handout)
“A phylogenetic tree, phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.[1][2] In other words, it is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. In evolutionary biology, all life on Earth is theoretically part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. Phylogenetics is the study of phylogenetic trees.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree Darwin only had the above two theories; he _ lacked_ good theories of 3) what the mechanism of heredity was by which traits could be passed on from one generation to the next ; and 4) how variation in a species arose . He knew that bodily traits were inherited by children from parents, but he didn’t know how. He knew that there were different bodily traits within the populations of the same species, but he did not know how that variation was caused.
Darwin’s successors solved theoretical problem 3) with the discovery of genes and DNA ; and 4) with the discovery of genetic mutations. These 2 theories combined with Darwin’s 2 theories of Phylogeny and Natural Selection form a complete Modern Evolutionary Theory !
(Charles Darwin : ( https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NFfSLlCawE ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NFfSLlCawE ; https://iep.utm.edu/darwin/ )
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution )
IMPORTANTLY, THE MEASURE OF DARWINIAN FITNESS/SUCCESSFUL ADAPTATION IS SPECIES POPULATION GROWTH; THE MEASURE OF UNFITNESS IS POPULATION SHRINKING , THE ULTIMATE UNFITNESS IS EXTINCTION !!! Please focus on this idea as it is not made explicit in standard presentations of Natural Selection. Please include this in your answer to the test question.
The Darwinian Tree of Life represents COMMON ANCESTORAL relations between different species at nodes of branching on the Tree diagram .The Tree of Life diagram implies a timeline from bottom to top. Thereby it represents EVOLUTION by NATURAL SELECTION of new traits and retention of some old traits.
The primate order is an order of the mammal class. All primates are mammals ; not all mammals are primates; increasingly inclusive categories as we go down on the Tree of Life . (( see handout of Primate Order section of Tree of Life)
It was Darwin’s claim that all life is related through common ancestral species INCLUDING HUMANS (!) that was controversial (not so much Natural Selection), because it conflicted with the Christian doctrine of human origin by God’s creation in the Garden of Eden.
In Darwin’s time, the idea that humans had evolved out of an earlier ancestor AT ALL was controversial. Darwin specifically hypothesized that the living species with the closest back in time or fewest generations back to a common ancestor with humans are chimpanzees; and that humans originated in Africa.
Subsequently, investigating these two Darwinian hypotheses , paleotologist-scientists, including Raymond Dart, explored parts of Africa looking for fossil remains evidence of a so-called MISSING LINK species. The idea is links in a chain as representing a line of species , one link descending from the previous links. The “missing link” would connect humans to our common ancestor on the Tree of Life with chimps
A fossil with characteristics constituting a link between a human “link” and a chimp “link” was discovered by Raymond Dart in Southern Africa (page 291 of text) ; and subsequently by many others . This proved Darwin’s hypothesis true. Dart found a fossil with a chimp sized brain BUT BI-PEDAL, OR HABITUALLY WALKING ON TWO FEET INSTEAD OF FOUR (quadrapedal). The phylogenetic-Tree of Life classification term for habitually bi-pedal primates is HOMININ.
(See handout on Missing Link)
( https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raymond-A-Dart )
Modern Natural Science
The modern scientific method of finding out truths about the world, the universe, originated 500 to 600 years ago in Europe. It has produced the estimates of the time of origin of major events of natural history of interest to this class as listed on the Scientific Cosmological or Worldview Timeline handout.
The origin of life on Earth was approximately 3.6 billion years ago. The first life forms or species were single celled and cloned to reproduce. Cloning means an organism makes a copy of itself to produce the next generation. The origin of sexually reproducing species was approximately 1.2 billion years ago. Reproduction is necessary to perpetuate species because individual organisms are mortal. Dinosaurs’ origin approximately 240 million years ago and extinction 65 million years ago is an example of Darwin’s principle of NATURAL SELECTION against. There were other mass extinctions prior to the dinosaur mass ( many different species) extinction.
( https://www.britannica.com/science/life/Evolution-and-the-history-of-life-on-Earth )
The dinosaur extinction was (an example of Darwin’s concept of species being selected against) probably due to a comet or meteor striking and exploding like many , many nuclear bombs on the earth ; and throwing so much debris up into the atmosphere that it blocked much of the sun’s light for many, many years; and thereby killing much plant life that the food of the dinosaurs. (https://www.britannica.com/animal/dinosaur/Extinction )
Mammals ( we are mammals) lived simultaneously with dinosaurs. They were small , furry animals relative to dinosaurs, and the reduced amount of plant food was enough for their smaller bodies to survive the loss of plant life. Thus, mammals were SELECTED FOR in the Darwinian sense. Mammals were fit relative to dinosaurs; survival of the fit species.
( What Happened Immediately After the Dinosaurs Went Extinct ? Mammals ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7nyan0wnkQ )
Three characteristic traits of mammals are ,1) mammary glands to feed the young, 2) warmblood ,3) bodily fur. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal ). Primates, A PHYLOGENETIC ORDER OF MAMMALS, retain these 3 traits; and primates evolved stereoscopic vision (page 138 of text) as an adaptation to living in trees. This is not to be confused with the Tree of Life metaphor ; primates actually did live in trees. Stereoscopic vision, by way of eyes in front of the head forming almost parallel lines of sight , gives sharper vision at a distance. Thereby, primates didn’t fall of the trees to death , and could catch insects more exactly; in other words adaptation in the trees. (Chapter 7 of the text ;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpnlS_ach-0 What is a Primate?)
HOMININS
Hominins (See last section of Chapter 12 and Chapters 13, 14 and 15 of the text _Physical Anthropology_) are distinguished from other primates by a skeleton adapted for bipedalism – the habit of _walking_ upright on the two hind limbs. Hominins in this class are habitually, anatomically, physiologically, naturally UPRIGHT-ERECT, BIPEDAL primates . Although, other primate species are able to stand on two legs temporarily , only hominins evolved as habitually bipeds. Kangaroos, some birds and other animals are bipeds , but they are not primates.
https://www.britannica.com/science/bipedalism
Some closely related primate species , including chimpanzees and gorillas, exhibit knuckle walking a pattern of movement in which long arms and the knuckles of the hand support the weight.
See handouts
There are several Darwinian natural selection hypotheses for the origin of bipedalism evolving out of a quadrupedal/knuckle-walking species ancestral to hominin species.
1) Adaptation to savanna ecological niche: Bipedalism may have allowed primates to move about more freely within savanna environments (grassland, with scattered trees, prevalent in Africa) and to watch out for predators over the tall grasses. Erect bipeds walk greater distance using less energy than quadrupeds can and , with their eyes elevated higher than quadrupeds can see over grasses and see a longer way into the distance for predators or prey. However, evidence from recent fossil finds suggests that early bipedal hominins lived in forested areas.
2) Bipedalism lessens stress from the extreme heat of the savanna in East and Southern Africa. The air is slightly cooler off the ground, and erect bipedalism exposes less surface area of the body to the midday sun.( page 311 of the text)
3) Carrying behavior: Bipedalism allows hominins to carry objects in the two front limbs (arms), enabling the carrying of food and easier transportation of the young ( fleeing predators or pursuing a nomad-migratory life way). Bipedalism also frees hands to carry tools and weapons. This Professor Brown’s football sports example.
4) The genitalia of both sexes are exposed to vision more in erect posture than in quadrupedal stooped posture. This may have resulted in more fertile matings by erect phenotype individuals (see page 311 text)
5) Other primates have free hands while stationary, so the main abilities that hominins have over quadrupedal and knuckle walking primates is that forelimbs-hands are free during locomotion walking over running. However, hands free virtually all the time probably contributed to the evolution of the hands into highly developed organs of manipulation (literally) that are better for the manufacture of tools or for affectionate stroking.
Hominin Species
The details of the hominin Tree of Life (“family tree”) are still being developed, but anthropologists generally agree about the primary ancestral relationships of and among hominin species.
1) The lines leading to chimpanzees, gorillas and humans are believed to have diverged sometime between 8 – 5 million years ago.
2) Fossils of the earliest hominins , from about 7 -1.8 million years ago have been found SOLEY IN AFRICA ( See discussion of Piltdown Hoax on _fake_fossils found in England).
3) Paleoanthropologists generally agree that there were more than one line of hominin species, only one of which evolved into the human or Genus Homo species. The robust australopithecines , which coexisted with early species of the Genus Homo, are not considered ancestral to humans and became extinct approximately 1 million years ago.
( https://www.britannica.com/topic/hominin )
( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3n370ww3L4 Hominin Evolution, Part 1: The First 5 Million Years )
( https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/exhibits/seven-million-years-human-evolution )
It feels wrong to call them “favourites”, but the catalogue of conduct that should have derailed the Trump train before it even left the station, let alone chuffed into the Oval Office twice, is devilishly hard to rank.<
For me, an unholy trinity of outbursts that preceded his first election victory still provoke feelings of confusion and great sadness at the apparent indifference of so many towards principles I naively believed to be baked into both British and American concepts of civilisation and decency.
In chronological order, Trump’s physical mocking in November 2015 of the disability of Serge F Kovaleski, a New York Times journalist Trump had fallaciously cited in defence of his lie that thousands of Muslim Americans had celebrated the September 11 terror attacks.
The following July, Pakistani Americans Khizr and Ghazala Khan responded to his plan to ban migration of Muslims. The couple, whose son Humayun was a captain in the US Army killed in the Iraq War, took to the stage at the Democratic National Convention where Khizr challenged the constitutionality of Trump’s plan and pointed out that he had “sacrificed nothing – and no one” for his country. Trump responded by suggesting that Ghazala, who has explained that she elected not to speak for fear of breaking down when a picture of her dead son was displayed, had stayed silent because she “wasn’t allowed” to speak.
And finally, the infamous boast about how he could “grab” women by the “p*ssy” that I, sweet summer child that I am, honestly believed would scupper his Presidential campaign. It didn’t, of course, and it is often Trump supporters on both sides of the Atlantic who have subsequently claimed most vociferously to be dedicated to protecting “our women and girls”.
I cite these three early examples of his moral turpitude not because they are necessarily the most egregious but because so many more have followed that it is now, literally, impossible to keep track. The Washington Post, for example, catalogued 30,573 false or misleading statements he made during his first term. <
https://l.smartnews.com/p-8J3eM5XO/3LNC4B
For me, an unholy trinity of outbursts that preceded his first election victory still provoke feelings of confusion and great sadness at the apparent indifference of so many towards principles I naively believed to be baked into both British and American concepts of civilisation and decency.
In chronological order, Trump’s physical mocking in November 2015 of the disability of Serge F Kovaleski, a New York Times journalist Trump had fallaciously cited in defence of his lie that thousands of Muslim Americans had celebrated the September 11 terror attacks.
The following July, Pakistani Americans Khizr and Ghazala Khan responded to his plan to ban migration of Muslims. The couple, whose son Humayun was a captain in the US Army killed in the Iraq War, took to the stage at the Democratic National Convention where Khizr challenged the constitutionality of Trump’s plan and pointed out that he had “sacrificed nothing – and no one” for his country. Trump responded by suggesting that Ghazala, who has explained that she elected not to speak for fear of breaking down when a picture of her dead son was displayed, had stayed silent because she “wasn’t allowed” to speak.
And finally, the infamous boast about how he could “grab” women by the “p*ssy” that I, sweet summer child that I am, honestly believed would scupper his Presidential campaign. It didn’t, of course, and it is often Trump supporters on both sides of the Atlantic who have subsequently claimed most vociferously to be dedicated to protecting “our women and girls”.
I cite these three early examples of his moral turpitude not because they are necessarily the most egregious but because so many more have followed that it is now, literally, impossible to keep track. The Washington Post, for example, catalogued 30,573 false or misleading statements he made during his first term. <
https://l.smartnews.com/p-8J3eM5XO/3LNC4B