marxism-thaxis] [lbo-talk] Behaviorology and Dialectical Materialism: On the Way to Dialogue (fro m Operants - Issue III 2017 (http://www.bfskinner.org/behavioral-scien ce/operants/)

https://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html

Like many great scientific advances, Pavlovian conditioning (aka classical conditioning) was discovered accidentally. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936) was a physiologist, not a psychologist.

During the 1890s, Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov was researching salivation in dogs in response to being fed. He inserted a small test tube into the cheek of each dog to measure saliva when the dogs were fed (with a powder made from meat).

Pavlov predicted the dogs would salivate in response to the food placed in front of them, but he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever they heard the footsteps of his assistant who was bringing them the food.

Pavlov's Dogs Study and Pavlovian Conditioning Explained

When Pavlov discovered that any object or event which the dogs learned to associate with food (such as the lab assistant) would trigger the same response, he realized that he had made an important scientific discovery. Accordingly, he devoted the rest of his career to studying this type of learning.

Pavlovian Conditioning Pavlov (1902) started from the idea that there are some things that a dog does not need to learn. For example, dogs don’t learn to salivate whenever they see food. This reflex is ‘hard-wired’ into the dog.

In behaviorist terms, food is an unconditioned stimulus and salivation is an unconditioned response. (i.e., a stimulus-response connection that required no learning).

Unconditioned Stimulus (Food) > Unconditioned Response(Salivate)

In his experiment, Pavlov used a metronome as his neutral stimulus. By itself the metronome did not elecit a response from the dogs.

Neutral Stimulus (Metronome) > No Conditioned Response

Next, Pavlov began the conditioning procedure, whereby the clicking metronome was introduced just before he gave food to his dogs. After a number of repeats (trials) of this procedure he presented the metronome on its own.

As you might expect, the sound of the clicking metronome on its own now caused an increase in salivation.

Conditioned Stimulus (Metronome) > Conditioned Response(Salivate)

So the dog had learned an association between the metronome and the food and a new behavior had been learned. Because this response was learned (or conditioned), it is called a conditioned response (and also known as a Pavlovian response). The neutral stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus. x

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov

van Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов, IPA: [ɪˈvan pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈpavləf] (About this soundlisten); 26 September [O.S. 14 September] 1849 – 27 February 1936)[3] was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.

From his childhood days, Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as "the instinct for research".[4]Inspired by the progressive ideas which Dmitry Pisarev, a Russian literary critic of the 1860s, and Ivan Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the University of Saint Petersburg to study natural science.[1] Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904,[4][5] becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate. A survey in the Review of General Psychology, published in 2002, ranked Pavlov as the 24th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.[6]Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate across a variety of behavior therapies and in experimental and clinical settings, such as educational classrooms and even reducing phobias with systematic desensitization.[7][8] Education and early life Ivan Pavlov ForMemRS Ivan Pavlov NLM3.jpg Born 26 September 1849 Ryazan, Russian Empire Died 27 February 1936(aged 86) Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union Alma mater Saint Petersburg University Known for Founder of modern behavior therapy Classical conditioning Awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1904) ForMemRS (1907)[1] Copley Medal (1915) Scientific career Fields Physiologist, physician Institutions Imperial Military Medical Academy Doctoral students Pyotr Anokhin, Boris Babkin, Leon Orbeli Influences Carl Vogt[2] Jacob Moleschott[2] Influenced John B. Watson Joseph Wolpe Sent from my iPhone On Dec 9, 2021, at 3:14 AM, Charles Jannuzi wrote: